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One male-female team facilitated half of the experimental and comparison groups and the other male-female team ran the other sessions antibiotics cause yeast infection buy flagyl 400 mg cheap. Mixed-gender teams were used to demonstrate appropriate male-female interactions and provide good role models for the participants antibiotics for acne nz cheap flagyl 250 mg without a prescription. It was expected that the use of mixed-gender teams would increase the possibility of change with the mixed-gender audience bacteria pylori flagyl 500mg on line. Culturally Specific: Not reported Assessment of Exposure: Not applicable Intervention Retention Rate: Not applicable Other: E-105 this document is a research report submitted to the U antibiotic with out a prescription buy flagyl 500 mg with mastercard. Acquaintance-Rape Scenarios 3 rape scenarios of differing degrees of ease at which they are defined as rape (based on pilot of 12 scenarios). Each scenario is consistent with the legal definition of rape (women indicate in each that they did not want to have sex by saying no. However, men in intervention group evidenced a 5-point change (more than half a standard deviation) from pre- to post-test in rape-myth acceptance. Intervention group became significantly more empathic toward the victim than comparison group Men in intervention group changed more with respect to their attitudes toward women than men in the comparison group (they became less traditional in their attitudes) Gender difference: Men changed more in their attitudes toward women (pre- to post-test) than did women. Men in the intervention group were significantly more likely to define a scenario situation as rape after the intervention than were men in comparison group. No such differences were found for women (may be related to significant linear trend obtained for differences across gender regardless of group membership). Significant linear trend was obtained for differences between pre- and post-testing for intervention group. The general trend for differences between groups across scenarios post-intervention was not significant. Class discussion included socialization about rape, gender roles, and sexuality by family friends, and the media. Also, included information about the many physical and emotional effects and reactions a person who has been raped may have. The class ended with a discussion about how to prevent rape (individually and socially) and what an individual who has been raped can do to seek help and support. Culturally Specific: Not reported Assessment of Exposure: Not reported Intervention Retention Rate: Not reported Other: E-108 this document is a research report submitted to the U. Population and Setting Race/Ethnicity: Sample mostly Euro-American (61%); 29% were African-American School A: Predominantly Euro-American, middle-class suburban School B: Mostly African-American lower- to workingclass urban high school School C: Ethnically mixed, lower-to working-class, urban high school Sexually Active: Not reported Victimization: Not reported Criminal History: Not reported Other. Development of the survey items was guided by prior measurement instruments on rape attitudes (Burt, 1980; Fonow et al. Time Points of Measurement: Pre- and Post-test Victimization: Not measured Study Design and Sample post-tests. Methods/Setting of Data Collection: Selfadministered survey in classroom except for one school where testing was conducted in a physical education classes. First author administered all the testing and was present to answer any questions that the students had about the survey. Intervention Results Primary Measures: Knowledge: Attitudes: No differences in pre-test scores between groups Pretest and post-test scores indicated that males were significantly more likely than females to adhere to rape myths. This analysis also found that African American students were more likely to adhere to rape myths than Anglo students. The findings suggest that Anglo females are the least likely to adhere to rape myths, followed by African American females, Anglo males, and African American males, respectively. Measures Time Points of Measurement: Perpetration: Not measured Time Points of Measurement: Other Measures: Time Points of Measurement: Results At pretest, students from two-parent homes were more likely to adhere to rape myths than students from singleparent homes. However, age is negatively related: the younger the student, the more likely it is that she or he answered the rape myth item correctly. Victimization: Perpetration: Other Measures: Attendance/Treatment Completion: Not reported Other: Study Quality Major Weaknesses: Study: - Students were told they were part of a study to evaluate rape-awareness program and that there were experimental and control groups - could have introduced bias -Short follow-up period - Survey has no norms, etc. Population Type: Undergraduate psychology students Population Characteristics: Age: between 18 and 22 years Sex: 122 males = 50% 123 females = 50% Education: Undergraduate students - no further info Race/Ethnicity: Not reported Sampling Frame Size: Not reported Sexually Active: Not reported Victimization: Not reported Criminal History: Not reported Other. N = Not reported Comparison Group Type(s): Control group received and completed post-test measures and follow-up phone appeal identical to those administered to the treatment participants immediately upon arriving at the classroom. N = Not reported Intervention Year: 1995 Article Number: 038 Setting: Campus classroom in groups of aprx 25 Duration: One-hour Theory/Model: Replicated Gilbert et al.

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Disinfection of external machine surfaces should not commence until the patient has left the dialysis treatment station antibiotics klebsiella cheap flagyl 200mg on-line. A complete (unit-wide) patient-free interval between shifts might facilitate more thorough cleaning and disinfection of the unit how do antibiotics for acne work buy 200 mg flagyl otc. If a blood spillage has occurred treatment for sinus infection and bronchitis order flagyl 250mg line, the exterior should be disinfected with a commercially available tuberculocidal germicide or a solution containing at least 500 p antibiotics for treatment of sinus infection generic flagyl 200mg with amex. Advice on suitable disinfectants, and the concentration and contact time required, should be provided by the manufacturer. If blood or fluid is thought to have seeped into inaccessible parts of the dialysis machine. Disinfection of the internal fluid pathways It is not necessary for the internal pathways of a single-pass dialysis machines to be disinfected between patients, even in the event of a blood leak. Some facilities may still opt to disinfect the dialysate-to-dialyzer (Hansen) connectors before the next patient. Machines with recirculating dialysate should always be put through an appropriate disinfection procedure between patients. During the reuse procedure, patient-to-patient transmission can take place if the dialyzers or blood port caps are switched between patients and not sterilized effectively or if there is spillage of contaminated blood or mixing of reused dialyzers during transport. These situations can be eliminated by adherence to standard hygienic precautions and appropriate labeling. Audits and use of surveillance data to implement prevention steps are critical to any infection control program. Routine observational audits of various infection control practices, combined with feedback of results to clinical staff, allows for regular assessment of actual practices and identification of gaps. Data from audits can facilitate immediate interventions to correct practice and should also inform broader quality improvement efforts, including unit-wide staff education and retraining. The feedback included advice on chlorhexidine use for catheter exit site care, staff training and competency assessments focused on catheter care and aseptic technique, hand hygiene and vascular access care audits, and feedback of infection and adherence rates to staff. However, the ongoing simplification of audit tools for ease of reporting with the use of information technology-as used in this study- precludes the need of infection control professionals on site, and leaves little justification to not recommend implementation of audits. Audits done in other dialysis center studies routinely show suboptimal adherence to hygienic practices. A Spanish study showed that gloves were used on 93% of occasions, and hands were washed only 36% of the time after patient contact and only 14% of the time before patient contact. Observational audits of hygienic precautions that were carried out in outbreak investigations have identified a range of problems, including lack of basic hand hygiene, failure to change gloves when touching the machine interface, or when urgently required to deal with bleeding from a fistula; carrying contaminated blood circuits through the ward unbagged; lack of routine decontamination of the exterior of machines and other surfaces even when blood spillages had occurred; and failure to change the internal transducer protector when potentially contaminated. On the other hand, when hygienic practice was reviewed through interviewing staff after an outbreak rather than by observation, no obvious breaches in procedure could be identified. The frequency at which routine audits of infection control procedures should be carried out will depend on audit type, 126 staff turnover and training, and on the results of previous audits. When setting up a new program, audits should be at intervals of no greater than 6 months to enable staff to gain experience with the process and ensure that any remedial actions taken have been effective. Observational audits should be conducted on various days of the week and different shifts to capture all staff, and should include particularly busy times of day such as shift changes. The audit tools and checklists can be used by individuals when assessing staff practices. In some centers, audit tools have been shared with patients, who are asked to assess staff practice as a means of engaging patients in the infection control efforts of the facility and improving the culture of safety in units. It is known that hand hygiene practices improve when study participants are aware they are under observation. In one study, video monitoring of hand hygiene (performed via review of video surveillance footage) was shown to be a more accurate method than direct observation. Detection of seroconversions should prompt an aggressive evaluation of infection control practices to correct lapses and prevent additional cases from occurring (Table 5). Audit data show that despite the existence of guidelines to prevent transmission of infections in hemodialysis units, their implementation remains suboptimal, leading to a large preventable burden of infections that not only adversely impacts clinical outcomes, but imposes large costs on the health care system. Experience from public health interventions shows that interventions Kidney International Supplements (2018) 8, 91Р165 Follow-up and testing of patients who were treated in the center and those subsequently transferred or discharged may be warranted. Conduct a thorough root cause analysis of the infection and address infection control lapses.

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Excessive liquidity support and guarantees of bank liabilities cannot substitute for proper restructuring and recapitalization either as most banking crises involve solvency problems and not only liquidity shortfalls antibiotic herbs infections purchase 250 mg flagyl with amex. In the case of banking crises virus - arrivederci zippy cheap flagyl 500 mg without prescription, the sooner restructuring is implemented treatment for uti macrobid order flagyl 500 mg with amex, the better outcomes are antibiotics eczema purchase flagyl 250 mg visa. Such a strategy removes residual uncertainty that triggers precautionary contractions in consumption and investment, which in turn further exacerbate recessions. Still in spite of this understanding, many countries do not adopt these policy responses, including in some current crises (Claessens et al. Moreover, issues related to restructuring of both household debt and sovereign debt require more sophisticated theoretical and empirical approaches (Laeven and Laryea, 2013; Das, 2013; Igan and others, 2013). As the review here documents, it is necessary to put together new data series and to design new methodologies to get a better understanding of crises episodes. The review lists several recent studies that put together new data series on financial crises. In spite of these, there is clearly a case for more research to collect additional cross-country data on aspects relevant to financial crises. Better data on domestic debt and house prices are urgently needed to get a richer understanding of domestic debt dynamics and fluctuations in housing markets. There is also a need for better (international) data for both surveillance and early warning exercises (see Heath, 2013 and Cerutti, Claessens and McGuire, 2013, for data needs). For a deeper understanding of crises and the policy issues surrounding these episodes, another need is to design new methods to classify crises in a more robust manner. Moreover, it would be important to examine periods of financial disruptions, which are not necessarily crises. Although good luck or adequate policy measures may have prevented a financial crisis following such disruption episodes, there are lessons to be learned since those are the types of periods that can provide case studies of counterfactuals to analyze the macroeconomic outcomes and implications of policy responses. Carletti, 2009, "Financial Crises: Theory and Evidence," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Vol. Detken, 2011, "Quasi Real Time Early Warning Indicators for Costly Asset Price Boom/bust Cycles: A Role for Global Liquidity," European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. Gopinath, 2006, "Defaultable Debt, Interest Rates and the Current Account," Journal of International Economics, Vol. Mulas-Granados, 2013, "How Effective is Fiscal Policy Response in Financial Crises? Thaler, 2003, "A Survey of Behavioral Finance," in Handbook of the Economics of Finance, G. Taylor, 2010, "Monetary Policy After the Fall," proceedings of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Annual Conference, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Mauro, 2010, "Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. Watson, 1982, "Bubbles, Rational Expectations and Speculative Markets," in Crisis in Economic and Financial Structure: Bubbles, Bursts, and Shocks, P. Garber, 1986, "Recurrent Devaluation and Speculative Attacks on the Mexican Peso," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. Evans, 2008, "Learning about Risk and Return: A Simple Model of Bubbles and Crashes," University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers 2008-1. Rebelo, 2001, "Prospective Deficits and the Asian Currency Crisis," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. Gorton, 1991, "The Origins of Banking Panics, Models, Facts, and Bank Regulation," in Financial Markets and Financial Crises, R. Loo-Kung, 2006, "Relative Price Volatility under Sudden Stops: the Relevance of Balance Sheet Effects," Journal of International Economics, Vol. Reinhart,1999, "Capital Flow Reversals, the Exchange Rate Debate, and Dollarization," Finance and Development, International Monetary Fund, September. Elekdag, 2010, "Capital Inflows: Macroeconomic Implications and Policy Responses," Economic Systems, Vol. McGuire, 2013, "Systemic Risks in Global Banking: What Available Data Can Tell Us and What More Data Are Needed? Stein, 2002, "Breadth of Ownership and Stock Returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.

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The Yellowstone bison herd has high reproductive and survival rates antibiotics for dogs bad breath order 200mg flagyl free shipping, so when conditions are good its numbers increase rapidly antibiotic mechanism of action discount 500 mg flagyl with mastercard. Letting large numbers of bison move unchecked outside the park would threaten tolerance in the future antibiotic list for uti purchase flagyl 400 mg on line. Faced with increasing numbers of bison infection preventionist purchase flagyl 200 mg online, the states could revert to stricter rules again. We would gladly reduce the frequency of capture/slaughter operations if we had a way to transfer live bison outside of the park. Currently, it is against state and federal laws to move any wild bison exposed to brucellosis anywhere except to slaughter. The park is currently studying the feasibility of developing quarantine facilities for bison. From quarantine, animals that test negative for brucellosis could be sent alive to other public, private, or tribal lands for conservation, hunting, or food production. If quarantine facilities are built in the future, they will not entirely replace the need for capture/slaughter, nor will they change hunting opportunities outside the park. As a result, the park contains one of the most intact and easily viewable collections of wild animals in North America, drawing visitors from around the world. Now, several groups want to open the park to bison hunting so that they can hunt in the fall and increase the number of animals that are harvested each year. Allowing any hunting in Yellowstone will affect the behavior of many different animals and drastically change the experience visitors have in the park. We need a new paradigm that accommodates larger herd sizes and allows bison to move more freely on suitable public lands in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We look forward to engaging the public in this process and exploring new ways for people to make their voices heard. Between 1984 and 2000, more than 3,000 bison that migrated outside Yellowstone National Park and into Montana were harvested by hunters or culled from the population to prevent the possible transmission of brucellosis from bison to cattle. Bison Management In the year 2000 the State of Montana and the federal government developed an Interagency Bison Management Plan that prescribed collaborative actions to reduce the risk of brucellosis transmission from Yellowstone bison to cattle, including the culling of some bison near the park boundary, while conserving a viable population of bison with some migration to essential, lower-elevation winter ranges on public lands in the state. Summer counts of bison in central and northern Yellowstone have varied widely under this plan. Counts of the central herd increased from about 1,900 bison in 2000 to 3,500 in 2005, and then decreased to 1,400 in 2013 due primarily to large culls of about 1,000 and 1,560 bison at the park boundary during 2006 and 2008, respectively. Conversely, counts of the northern herd increased from about 500 bison in 2000 to 3,200 in 2013. This rapid increase was enhanced by movements of bison from the central herd, and possibly, reduced competition as numbers of northern Yellowstone elk decreased from about 19,000 counted individuals in 1994 to less than 4,000 in 2013. A wild population can be defined as one that is free roaming within a defined conservation area that is large enough to sustain ecological processes such as migration and dispersal, sufficiently abundant to mitigate the loss of existing genetic variation, and subject to forces of natural selection such as competition for breeding opportunities and food, predation, and substantial environmental variability. Thousands of bison inhabit a heterogeneous, spacious landscape in and near Yellowstone National Park with a diverse association of native ungulates and predators that are subject to natural selection factors. They have high genetic diversity compared to many other populations of plains bison, and are one of a few bison populations with no evidence of potential cattle ancestry. Also, they migrate Wildlife Biologist Rick Wallen extracts serum from a bison blood sample to conduct a brucellosis exposure test. In other words, bison in Yellowstone National Park are not managed like domestic stock on a ranch and are generally allowed to move freely within the park-though some intervention occurs near the boundary and developed areas to reduce conflicts with humans and outlying jurisdictions. The substantial recovery of free-ranging bison populations outside Yellowstone National Park and the nearby Grand Teton National Park, where there were about 800 bison in 2012, is constrained by the availability of low-elevation winter habitat where forage is relatively accessible. Much of Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks is mountainous, with deep snow pack that limits access to forage and increases energy expenditures during winter. Also, large portions of the original range for bison are no longer available outside these parks due to agriculture and development. Furthermore, there are political and social concerns about allowing bison outside these parks, including human safety and property damage, competition with livestock for grass, diseases such as brucellosis that can be transmitted between bison and cattle, consumption of agricultural crops, and limited funding for management.

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