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Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor As with the emergence of the Acoelomorpha phylum anxiety disorder key symptoms proven ashwagandha 60caps, it is common for data to misplace animals in close relation to other species anxiety symptoms over 100 generic ashwagandha 60 caps without a prescription, whereas data often reveals a different and more accurate evolutionary relationship anxiety symptoms 5 year old order ashwagandha 60caps. Which of the following periods is the earliest during which animals may have appeared What type of data is primarily used to determine the existence and appearance of early animal species Until recent discoveries suggested otherwise anxiety 36 weeks pregnant order ashwagandha 60 caps otc, animals existing before the Cambrian period were believed to be: a. Approximately how many mass extinction events occurred throughout the evolutionary history of animals Why might the evolution of specialized tissues be important for animal function and complexity Describe and give examples of how humans display all of the features common to the animal kingdom. Using the following terms, explain what classifications and groups humans fall into, from the most general to the most specific: symmetry, germ layers, coelom, cleavage, embryological development. Explain some of the advantages brought about through the evolution of bilateral symmetry and coelom formation. Describe at least two major changes to the animal phylogenetic tree that have come about due to molecular or genetic findings. How is it that morphological data alone might lead scientists to group animals into erroneous evolutionary relationships Briefly describe at least two theories that attempt to explain the cause of the Cambrian explosion. How is it that most, if not all, of the extant animal phyla today evolved during the Cambrian period if so many massive extinction events have taken place since then Concentrating on vertebrates, however, gives us a rather biased and limited view of biodiversity, because it ignores nearly 97 percent of the animal kingdom, namely the invertebrates. Invertebrate animals are those without a cranium and defined vertebral column or spine. The simplest of all the invertebrates are the Parazoans, which include only the phylum Porifera: the sponges (Figure 28. Parazoans ("beside animals") do not display tissue-level organization, although they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions. Sponge larvae are able to swim; however, adults are non-motile and spend their life attached to a substratum. Since water is vital to sponges for excretion, feeding, and gas exchange, their body structure facilitates the movement of water through the sponge. Structures such as canals, chambers, and cavities enable water to move through the sponge to nearly all body cells. Water entering the spongocoel is extruded via a large common opening called the osculum. However, sponges exhibit a range of diversity in body forms, including variations in the size of the spongocoel, the number of osculi, and where the cells that filter food from the water are located. While sponges (excluding the hexactinellids) do not exhibit tissue-layer organization, they do have different cell types that perform distinct functions. Pinacocytes, which are epithelial-like cells, form the outermost layer of sponges and enclose a jelly-like substance called mesohyl. Mesohyl is an extracellular matrix consisting of a collagen-like gel with suspended cells that perform various functions. The gel-like consistency of mesohyl acts like an endoskeleton and maintains the tubular morphology of sponges. In addition to the osculum, sponges have multiple pores called ostia on their bodies that allow water to enter the sponge. In some sponges, ostia are formed by porocytes, single tube-shaped cells that act as valves to regulate the flow of water into the spongocoel. Choanocytes ("collar cells") are present at various locations, depending on the type of sponge, but they always line the inner portions of some space through which water flows (the spongocoel in simple sponges, canals within the body wall in more complex sponges, and chambers scattered throughout the body in the most complex sponges).

Have another family member do the same evaluation separately anxiety symptoms postpartum buy ashwagandha 60 caps overnight delivery, and compare results to get an objective view anxiety symptoms after quitting smoking buy discount ashwagandha 60 caps online. Consult your family doctor or health professional for help predicting future needs anxiety symptoms chest pains generic ashwagandha 60 caps visa. Step Two: Have the conversation Getting a loved one to accept help may be harder than finding that help in the first place anxiety guru order ashwagandha 60caps without prescription. Many people will not acknowledge even a small weakness because they dread loss of independence. As you explore alternatives, create opportunities for your loved one to express his or her concerns-and for you to provide additional information that may help overcome resistance to change. Step Three: Match housing to needs Review the chart you completed earlier as you consider available choices, comparing the types of services offered by each. Remember that no choice is going to be perfect or give everyone 100 percent satisfaction. Consider how even these simple changes can make a large difference in at-home safety: o Set the thermostat of the water heater at 120 degrees F or lower to prevent accidental scalding. In addition, there may be services available from the government, non-profit, and for-profit organizations that can help your loved one maintain independence: o "Meals on Wheels" deliver hot meals to the homebound. Step Five: If semi-independent living seems appropriate, examine choices Sometimes it is best to relocate to a residence that is more manageable, or where the necessary care services and support are "part of the package. Generally, however, the categories for semi-independent living and housing include: Adult Residential Care Facilities. Licensed boarding homes provide room, board, and help with medications and personal care. Residents have limited supervision: Most adult care homes are single-family residential units. Typical residents include: frail elderly persons with chronic physical or mental disabilities, chronically mentally ill adults, mentally retarded adults, or other adults with diminished physical and mental conditions. These facilities accommodate couples and are licensed to care for up to six residents. They provide room, board, laundry, and necessary supervision, assistance with activities of daily living, personal care, and social services. In most cases, nursing services are not provided, and residents must manage their own care. This has become a catchall term for any boarding home that emphasizes privacy, independence, and personal choice. Services include meals, personal care, medication assistance, limited supervision, organized activities, and limited nursing services. Assisted living is licensed by state governments and is known by as many as 26 different names including residential care, board and care, congregate care, and personal care. Some may have a resort-style ambience while others are geared toward affordable living with few amenities. Many of these communities make their services available on a month-to-month rental basis. Remember that the way a facility describes itself is not necessarily a real indication of the level of care. FamilyCare America offers additional information, action plans, and checklists designed for caregivers exploring housing options. Step Six: If the person is dependent, begin to evaluate facilities Your loved one may be in a situation where he or she can no longer care for him or herself. Skilled nursing homes for people whose unstable or complex conditions require 24-hour supervision, help with medications, and frequent assistance with activities of daily living. Nursing homes provide rooms, meals, recreational activities, and protective supervision to residents. Services vary, yet all nursing homes are licensed by states and follow federal regulations. There are several words that can convey a similar meaning, such as trembling, shaking, jittering, vibrating and so on.

It was from a common ancestor of these protists that the land plants evolved anxiety obsessive thoughts order 60caps ashwagandha fast delivery, since their closest relatives are found in this group anxiety 1 week before period ashwagandha 60 caps without prescription. Molecular evidence supports that all Archaeplastida are descendents of an endosymbiotic relationship between a heterotrophic protist and a cyanobacterium anxiety young children buy cheap ashwagandha 60caps on-line. Red Algae Red algae anxiety young adults purchase 60 caps ashwagandha free shipping, or rhodophytes, are primarily multicellular, lack flagella, and range in size from microscopic, unicellular protists to large, multicellular forms grouped into the informal seaweed category. Some species of red algae contain phycoerythrins, photosynthetic accessory pigments that are red in color and this OpenStax book is available for free at cnx. Red algae are common in tropical waters where they have been detected at depths of 260 meters. Green Algae: Chlorophytes and Charophytes the most abundant group of algae is the green algae. The green algae exhibit similar features to the land plants, particularly in terms of chloroplast structure. That this group of protists shared a relatively recent common ancestor with land plants is well supported. The charophytes are the closest living relatives to land plants and resemble them in morphology and reproductive strategies. Charophytes are common in wet habitats, and their presence often signals a healthy ecosystem. Chlorophytes primarily inhabit freshwater and damp soil, and are a common component of plankton. Chlamydomonas is a simple, unicellular chlorophyte with a pear-shaped morphology and two opposing, anterior flagella that guide this protist toward light sensed by its eyespot. More complex chlorophyte species exhibit haploid gametes and spores that resemble Chlamydomonas. The chlorophyte Volvox is one of only a few examples of a colonial organism, which behaves in some ways like a collection of individual cells, but in other ways like the specialized cells of a multicellular organism (Figure 23. Volvox colonies contain 500 to 60,000 cells, each with two flagella, contained within a hollow, spherical matrix composed of a gelatinous glycoprotein secretion. Individual Volvox cells move in a coordinated fashion and are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. Only a few of the cells reproduce to create daughter colonies, an example of basic cell specialization in this organism. This species exists as a colony, consisting of cells immersed in a gel-like matrix and intertwined with each other via hair-like cytoplasmic extensions. Ralf Wagner) True multicellular organisms, such as the sea lettuce, Ulva, are represented among the chlorophytes. Species in the genus Caulerpa exhibit flattened fern-like foliage and can reach lengths of 3 meters (Figure 23. Caulerpa species undergo nuclear division, but their cells do not complete cytokinesis, remaining instead as massive and elaborate single cells. The Amoebozoa include several groups of unicellular amoeba-like organisms that are free-living or parasites. Slime Molds A subset of the amoebozoans, the slime molds, has several morphological similarities to fungi that are thought to be the result of convergent evolution. For instance, during times of stress, some slime molds develop into spore-generating fruiting bodies, much like fungi. The slime molds are categorized on the basis of their life cycles into plasmodial or cellular types. Plasmodial slime molds are composed of large, multinucleate cells and move along surfaces like an amorphous blob of slime during their feeding stage (Figure 23. Upon maturation, the plasmodium takes on a net-like appearance with the ability to form fruiting bodies, or sporangia, during times of stress. Haploid spores are produced by meiosis within the sporangia, and spores can be disseminated through the air or water to potentially land in more favorable environments. If this occurs, the spores germinate to form ameboid or flagellate haploid cells that can combine with each other and produce a diploid zygotic slime mold to complete the life cycle. The brightly colored plasmodium in the inset photo is a single-celled, multinucleate mass. When food is depleted, cellular slime molds pile onto each other into a mass of cells that behaves as a single unit, called a slug.

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