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Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2005) Guidelines for gender based violence interventions in humanitarian emergencies: Focusing on prevention and response to sexual violence ombrello glass treatment order 0.25 mcg calcitriol overnight delivery. Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (no date) Gender responsive school sanitation medicine 7253 generic 0.25mcg calcitriol amex, health and hygiene symptoms you need glasses purchase calcitriol 0.25mcg with visa. Technical brief; and: Jones H and Reed R (2005) Water and sanitation for disabled people and other vulnerable groups; Designing services to improve accessibility medicine man lyrics buy calcitriol 0.25mcg amex. Women and girls in vulnerable, marginalised or special circumstances are able to access appropriate and affordable sanitary protection materials. Programmes supporting water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure have ensured they are accessible to all, including people with mobility limitations. Module 1 Module 7 Module 9 2 Module 3 Module 7 Toolkit 3 3 Module 6 Module 7 Toolkit 5 Toolkit 6 Toolkit 7 Module 3 Module 7 4 Programmes for income generation have been established that include girls and women in vulnerable, marginalised or special circumstances. Women and girls in vulnerable, marginalised or special circumstances are involved in menstrual hygiene projects and provide feedback. Slopes for access, with horizontal landing platforms at regular intervals and a platform outside the door (allowing enough space to safely open the door while the user is next to the door). Not placing a resting stage at the top is a common mistake made when designing ramps for access to latrines. If there is no resting stage at the top or it is too small for the person using a wheelchair to open the door, they are at risk of rolling back down the slope. Can also have the concrete blocks at the front and back (instead of at the sides) to prevent any splashing on the legs. Identify the supplies available in Uganda that are useful when handling menstrual blood. Identify how to safely dispose of materials soiled with menstrual blood that will not be reused, and how to properly clean cloths soiled with menstrual blood so they can be safely re-used. Keeping clean: Discussion on menstrual care of the bedbound female client (30 minutes): - Cleaning the client. Urinary incontinence is particularly common for women who have just had children and elderly women (and men), but girls, adolescents and other women can also suffer. It is more likely to occur following obstructed labour in young girls where the pelvis is not yet fully developed. A fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina and less commonly between the rectum and vagina. As a result, the girl or woman constantly leaks urine and/or faeces and has no control over the condition. Occasionally fistulae develop as a result of a pelvic operation such as a hysterectomy or a caesarean section, and sometimes rectal fistula is the result of sexual practice or assault. Fistula is severely stigmatising and women can be rejected by their families because of the unpleasant smell of the leaking urine or faeces. Due to the stigma, this condition is under-reported, with limited availability for repair operations.

Each chromosome can then be arranged in pairs according to size and banding pattern into a karyotype treatment 0 rapid linear progression buy calcitriol 0.25mcg with visa. The karyotype allows the Cytogeneticist to even more closely examine each chromosome for structural changes medications given during labor cheap calcitriol 0.25mcg otc. A written description of the karyotype which defines the chromosome analysis is then made symptoms 7 days post iui buy calcitriol 0.25mcg with amex. Genes are located on specific regions of a certain chromosome 85 medications that interact with grapefruit order calcitriol 0.25mcg with visa, termed the gene locus (plural: loci). Linkage groups are invariably the same number as the pairs of homologous chromosomes an organism possesses. Recombination occurs when crossingover has broken linkage groups, as in the case of the genes for wing size and body color that Morgan studied. Chromosome mapping was originally based on the frequencies of recombination between alleles. In dihybrid testcrosses for frizzle and white in chickens, Hutt (1931) obtained: frizzled is dominant over normal (if one combines slightly and extremely frizzled). P1: White, Normal Colored, Frizzle F1: White, Frizzle Testcross: White, Frizzle (F1) x Coloured,Normal Counts in testcross 1 (Hutt 1931) White Frizzled Normal 18 63 81 Coloured 63 13 76 Total 81 76 157 Note the marginal counts are in the 1:1 ratio we expect, but there is deviation in the main table from 1:1:1:1. This is what is referred to as repulsion of the dominant traits (frizzled and white) in the first case, and coupling in the second. The percentage deviation from 1:1:1:1 seems to be about the same in each table, but in opposite directions. Actually, we always ignore the sign, and calculate the recombination in this table as 100*(4+2)/33=18. If one examines a large number of genes in such a fashion in any organism, sets of genes are always linked together, while assorting independently (recombination 50%) with respect to members of other linkage groups. It 128 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics was realised in the 1920s that each linkage group corresponds to a chromosome. Mapping If one can arrange testcrosses for triple (or higher order) heterozygotes and recessives (a three-point cross), the recombination can be calculated for the three pairs of genes. The data will look like this example: Trait A is controlled by a gene with alleles A and a, A dominant to a Trait B is controlled by a gene with alleles B and b, B dominant to b Trait C is controlled by a gene with alleles C and c, C dominant to c Testcross is AaBbCc x abc/abc 129 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics Data from three-point cross of corn (colourless, shrunken, waxy) due to Stadler. The linkage map that one constructs using recombination distance turns out to correspond to the physical map of genes along the linear structure of the chromosome. Abbreviated linkage map of maize chromosome 9 (Brookhaven National Laboratory 1996). Locus csu95a c1 colored aleurone1 sh1 shrunken1 bz1 bronze1 wx1 waxy1 acp1 acid phosphatase1 sus1 sucrose synthase1 hsp18a 18 kda heat shock protein18a csh2c(cdc2) Coord 0. Since "gene" can be taken to mean the different gene forms (alleles), or the factor controlling a phenotype, geneticists often refer to the latter as the locus sh1, rather than the gene sh1. If we had been looking only at dihybrid test cross data, then we would not be able to detect these double recombinants. One notices that double recombinants are not very common, so the effect on the estimates of the percent recombination is not large. The corollary of this is that most chromosomes will experience only zero or one recombinants. The estimated double recombination rate does add to our estimate of the distance between the more distant loci (A and C in the example). Interference the term interference refers to the fact that recombination seems to be suppressed close to a first 133 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics recombination event. The coincidence coefficient is the ratio of the observed number of double recombinants to the expected number. For a given distance between two loci, one can estimate the number of double recombinants that one would expect. Then we would expect in 1% of cases that a double recombinant would occur (one in each interval). The expected frequency of double cross overs is thus is the product of the observed frquencies of the ingle crosses overs. Interferences is calculated as I = 1-c where, I = Index of interference c = Coefficent of coincidence c= Observed frequency of Double Cross overs Expected frequency of Double Cross overs 134 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics 6. Deriving Linkage Distance and Gene Order from Three-Point Crosses By adding a third gene, we now have several different types of crossing over products that can be obtained. Now if we were to perform a testcross with F1, we would expect a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio.

Crosnoe and Benner (2015) found that some students became disengaged and alienated during this transition which resulted in negative longterm consequences in academic performance and mental health symptoms you need glasses discount calcitriol 0.25mcg on-line. This may be because middle school teachers are seen as less supportive than elementary school teachers (Brass symptoms 8 days after conception buy 0.25 mcg calcitriol mastercard, McKellar treatment quadriceps tendonitis 0.25 mcg calcitriol mastercard, North pure keratin treatment purchase calcitriol 0.25 mcg free shipping, & Ryan, 2019). For example, high schools are larger, more bureaucratic, less personal, and there are less opportunities for teachers to get to know their students (Eccles & Roeser, 2016). Gender: Crosnoe and Benner (2015) found that female students earn better grades, try harder, and are more intrinsically motivated than male students. Further, Duchesne, Larose, and Feng (2019) described how female students were more oriented toward skill mastery, used a variety of learning strategies, and persevered more than males. However, more females exhibit worries and anxiety about school, including feeling that they must please teachers and parents. These worries can heighten their effort but lead to fears of disappointing others. In contrast, males are more confident and do not value adult feedback regarding their academic performance (Brass et al. These female students endorse the beliefs that "girls" should be sexy and not smart. Life of a high school student: On average, high school teens spend approximately 7 hours each weekday and 1. This includes attending classes, participating in extracurricular activities (excluding sports), and doing homework (Office of Adolescent Health, 2018). High school males and females spend about the 228 same amount of time in class, doing homework, eating and drinking, and working. On average, high school males spend about one more hour per day on media and communications activities than females on both weekdays (2. On an average weekday, high school females spend more time than boys on both leisure activities (1. High school females also spend more time on grooming on both weekdays and weekend days (1. The dropout rate is based on sample surveys of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in prisons, persons in the military, and other persons not living in households. The dropout rate among high school students has declined from a rate of 12% in 1990, to 6. The rate is lower for Whites than for Blacks, and the rates for both Whites and Blacks are lower than the rate for Hispanics. However, the gap between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics have narrowed (see Figure 6. These included: Adolescents who resided in foster care or were part of the juvenile justice system. In fact, being confined in a juvenile detention facility practically guaranteed that a student would not complete school. Having a physical or mental health condition, or the need for special educational services, adversely affected school completion. Being maltreated due to abuse or neglect and/or being homeless also contributed to dropping out of school. Additonally, adolescent-specific factors, including race, ethnicity and age, as well as family-specific characteristics, such as poverty, single parenting, large family size, and stressful transitions, all contributed to an increased likelihood of dropping-out of school. Lastly, community factors, such as unsafe neighborhoods, gang activity, and a lack of social services increased the number of school dropouts. Department of Labor (2019), to perform at optimal levels in all education settings, all youth need to participate in educational programs grounded in standards, clear performance expectations and graduation exit options based upon meaningful, accurate, and relevant indicators of student learning and skills. Teenagers and Working Many adolescents work either summer jobs, or during the school year. Holding a job may offer teenagers extra funds, the opportunity to learn new skills, ideas about future careers, and perhaps the true value of money. However, there are numerous concerns about teenagers working, especially during the school year. A long-standing concern is that that it "engenders precocious maturity of more adult-like roles and problem behaviors" (Staff, VanEseltine, Woolnough, Silver, & Burrington, 2011, p.

The leader sequences are located prior to the start of the coding region for the first gene of the operon (the 284 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics trpE gene) symptoms zika virus purchase 0.25mcg calcitriol mastercard. The attenuator region contains codons for a small leader polypeptide treatment 6 month old cough buy calcitriol 0.25 mcg line, that contains tandem tryptophan codons symptoms anxiety discount 0.25mcg calcitriol mastercard. If tryptophan is abundant medicine used to treat chlamydia calcitriol 0.25mcg without a prescription, the ribosome prevents stem-loop 1-2 from forming and thereby favors stemloop 3-4. The operons coding for genes necessary for the synthesis of a number of other amino acids are also regulated by this attenuation mechanism. It should be clear, however, that this type of transcriptional regulation is not feasible for eukaryotic cells. The elements that recruit polymerase are different in prokaryotes 287 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics 5. In eukaryotic cells, the ability to express biologically active proteins comes under regulation at several points: 1. Transcriptional Initiation: this is the most important mode for control of eukaryotic gene expression (see below for more details). Several genes have been identified that undergo tissue-specific 290 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics patterns of alternative splicing, which generate biologically different proteins from the same gene. Post-Translational Modification: Common modifications include glycosylation, acetylation, fatty acylation, disulfide bond formations, etc. Control of Protein Stability: Many proteins are rapidly degraded, whereas others are highly stable. Specific amino acid sequences in some proteins have been shown to bring about rapid degradation. Control of Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Initiation of transcription is the most important step in gene expression. Therefore in depth studies have revealed much about what is needed for transcription to begin. The control of transcription is an integrated mechanism involving cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors. Because the trans-acting factors are proteins, they must also be encoded by genes. And these genes may also be controlled the interaction of cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors. This interplay between genes and their cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors is a cascade of genetic events. Different combinations of 295 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics transcription factors also can exert differential regulatory effects upon transcriptional initiation. This form of control of gene expression is called negative control because the controlling action results in an absence of activity. This type of control of gene expression is termed activation since in its absence the gene is not active. This type of control is also termed positive control in the sense that the action of the activating protein results in a positive action: gene expression. Each eukaryote gene is transcribed separately, with separate transcriptional controls on each gene. Prokaryote translation begins even before transcription has finished, while eukaryotes have the two processes separated in time and location (remember the nuclear envelope). There are several examples of identical messages being processed by different methods, often turning introns into exons and vice-versa. Some features/similarities that are important for practical experimental reasons: Promoters are required both in bacteria and eukaryotes, although bacterial and eukaryotic promoters are not interchangeable the polymerases and co-factors have evolved to recognize different elements. The genetic code is generally the same in bacteria and eukaryotes (usually taken for granted). Another thing we need to remember is that translation is not the end of the line in producing a functional protein; 299 Molecular Biology and Applied Genetics post-translational modifications can be important for protein function (and are frequently of great regulatory interest), but those modifications might not take place in bacteria. Describe the roles of cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors in the control of eukaryotic gene expression. What specific role might methylation play in the control of eukaryotic gene expression What genetic mutations are the most convincing that the products of regulator genes are negativelyacting Introduction While the period from 1900 to the Second World War has been called the "golden age of genetics".

I am saved by a yuppie (mercifully not one of mine) who chooses this moment to charge into the kitchen to bellow that his food is twenty-five minutes late medications like gabapentin 0.25mcg calcitriol fast delivery. Joy screams at him to get the hell out of her kitchen symptoms meningitis 0.25 mcg calcitriol sale, please medications to treat anxiety calcitriol 0.25 mcg visa, and then turns on Jesus in a fury treatment 5th metacarpal fracture purchase calcitriol 0.25mcg on line, hurling an empty tray across the room for emphasis. And the surprising thing is that you can walk out without permission, that the door opens, that the thick tropical night air parts to let me pass, that my car is still parked where I left it. There is no vindication in this exit, no fuck-you surge of relief, just an overwhelming dank sense of failure pressing down on me and the entire parking lot. I had gone into this venture in the spirit of science, to test a mathematical proposition, but somewhere along the line, in the tunnel vision imposed by long shifts and relentless concentration, it became a test of myself, and clearly I have failed. Not only had I flamed out as a housekeeper/ server, I had forgotten to give George my tips, and, for reasons perhaps best known to hardworking, generous people like Gail and Ellen, this hurts. She told me that Joan was still living in her van and that Stu had been fired from the Hearthside. According to the most up-to-date rumors, the drug he ordered from the restaurant was crack and he was caught dipping into the cash register to pay for it. A few months back, in the spring, I had been in the Portland area for a speaking engagement at a local college and was struck by what appeared to be an extreme case of demographic albinism. Not only were the professors and students white, which is of course not uncommon; so were the hotel housekeepers, the panhandlers, and the cab drivers, who, in addition to being white, also spoke English, or at least some r-less New England variant thereof. This might not make Maine an ideal setting in which to hunker down for the long haul, but it made it the perfect place for a blue-eyed, English-speaking Caucasian to infiltrate the low-wage workforce, no questions asked. As an additional attraction, I noted on my spring visit that the Portlandarea business community was begging piteously for fresh employable bodies. At least three of the thousand or so ads I scanned promised "fun, casual" workplace environments, and I pictured flannel-shirted teams bantering on their afternoon cider-and-doughnut breaks. Maybe, I reasoned, when you give white people a whole state to themselves, they treat one another real nice. This is, admittedly, an odd venture for anyone not involved in a witness-protection program: to leave home and companionship and plop down nearly two thousand miles away in a place where I know almost no one and about which I am ignorant right down to the most elementary data on geography, weather, and good places to eat. Still, I reason, this sudden removal to an unknown state is not all that different from the kinds of dislocations that routinely segment the lives of the truly poor. I have my laptop and a suitcase containing T-shirts, jeans, and khakis, three long-sleeve shirts, one pair of shorts, vitamins, and an assortment of toiletries. I have a tote bag stuffed with books, which will, along with the hiking boots I have brought for weekends, turn out to be the most useless items in my inventory. There are two kinds of low-rent motel rooms in America: the Hampton Inn type, which are-clearly calibrated, rather than decorated, to produce an atmosphere of menacing sterility-and the other kind, in which history has been allowed to accumulate in the form of carpet stains, lingering deposits of cigarette smoke, and Cheeto crumbs deep under the bed. This Motel 6 is in the latter category, which makes it, homier, you might say, or maybe only more haunted. Crossing the turnpike from the Texaco - a feat that, performed on foot, demands both speed and nerve - brings you to more substantial sources of sustenance, including a Pizza Hut and a Shop- n-Save. I bring pizza and salad back to my room for dinner, telling myself that anything tastes better when acquired at some risk to life and limb, like venison fresh from the hunt. This should be exhilarating, I tell myself, like a dive into the frigid New England Atlantic, followed by a slow, easy swim beyond the surf. But in those first few days in Portland the anxieties of my actual social class take over. We always have a plan or at least a to-do fist; we like to know that everything has been anticipated, that our lives are, in a sense, pre- lived. I need a job and an apartment, but to get a job I need an address and a phone number and to get an apartment it helps to have evidence of stable employment. The only plan I can come up with is to do everything at once and hope that the teenagers at the Motel 6 switchboard can be trusted to serve as my answering machine. The newspaper I pick up at the Clipper Mart bears the unexpected news that there are no apartments in Portland. Actually, there are plenty of condos and "executive apartments" for $1,000 a month or more, but the only low-rent options seem to be clustered in an area about a thirty- minute drive south, in the soothingly named town of Old Orchard Beach. Even there, though, the rents are right up at Key West levels - well over $500 for an efficiency.

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