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Chapter 6-Juvenile Justice: Failing the Next Generation Indian country juvenile justice exposes the worst consequences of our broken Indian country justice system virus cell proven 50 mg minocin. Native youth are among the most vulnerable group of children in the United States antibiotics for dogs after dog bite order minocin 50 mg on line. In comparison to the general population antibiotic 5 year plan generic 50 mg minocin otc, poverty 3m antimicrobial filter buy cheap minocin 50 mg, substance abuse, suicide, and exposure to violence and loss disproportionately plague Native youth. Not surprisingly, and detailed in the Roadmap, these conditions negatively influence how Native children enter adulthood. The same complexities and inadequacies of the Indian country adult criminal justice impair juvenile justice as well. The Federal court system has no juvenile division-no specialized juvenile court judges, no juvenile probation system. Bureau of Prisons has no juvenile detention, diversion, or rehabilitation facilities. Thus, the unique circumstances of Native youth are often overlooked and their outcomes are difficult to track. Executive Summary xxv Although data about Indian country juveniles in Federal and State systems are limited, the available data reveal alarming trends regarding processing, sentencing, and incarceration of Native youth. Native youth are overrepresented in both Federal and State juvenile justice systems and receive harsher sentences. Just as Tribal self-determination and local control are the right goals for adult criminal matters, they are the right goals for juvenile matters. As in adult criminal court, the Tribe opting for this exclusive jurisdiction could offer alternative forms of justice, such as a juvenile wellness court, a teen court, or a more traditional peacemaking process, as long as the juvenile properly waived his or her rights. If Tribes choose not to opt out entirely from the Federal criminal justice system for offenses allegedly committed by their juvenile citizens, Tribal governments should still be provided with a second option: 6. Criminal Code already provides for such Tribal governmental consent in adult cases where Federal prosecutors are considering seeking the death penalty. Similarly, in the interests of achieving parity between Tribal and non-Indian justice systems, resources for Indian country juvenile justice must be more effectively deployed. Department of Justice, allocated to Tribes in block funding rather than unpredictable and burdensome grant programs, and provided at a level of parity with non-Indian systems. Tribes should be able to redirect funds currently devoted to detaining juveniles to more demonstrably beneficial programs, such as trauma-informed treatment and greater coordination between Tribal child welfare and juvenile justice agencies. If State and Federal systems are uncertain whether a juvenile arrested in Indian country is in fact a Tribal member, they should be required to make inquiries, just as they are for dependency cases covered by the Indian Child Welfare Act. Executive Summary xxvii systems take Indian children, who are the least well, and make them the most incarcerated. Alternatives to detention are even more imperative for Tribal youth than for adult offenders. More specifically, data show that Federal and State juvenile justice systems take Indian children, who are the least well, and make them the most incarcerated. Furthermore, conditions of detention often contribute to the very trauma that Native children experience. Detention is often the wrong alternative for Indian country youth and should be the last resort. Tribes should be able to redirect Federal funding for construction and operation of juvenile detention facilities to the types of assessment, treatment, and other services that attend to juvenile trauma. Where juveniles are involved, intergovernmental cooperation can enable Tribes to ensure that their often-traumatized youth receive proper assessment and treatment that is attentive to the resources and healing potential of Tribal cultures. Yet, Federal law, as prescribed by the Federal Delinquency Act, limits the ability to consider Tribal law and the unique needs and circumstances of a juvenile offender, particularly if that offender may be tried as an adult. Finally, there are two key mechanisms of enhanced Tribal-State cooperation: notice to Tribes when their children enter State juvenile justice systems and opportunities for Tribes to participate more fully in determining the disposition of juvenile cases. And much of what the Commission has proposed will demand enlightened and energetic leadership from the affected State governments. This includes the development of model and uniform State codes and best practices.

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The public needs to fully understand the potential for addiction antibiotic expiration generic 50mg minocin with visa, overconsumption bacteria characteristics 50 mg minocin fast delivery, intoxication antibiotics for acne inflammation buy minocin 50 mg online, and death antibiotics for sinus infection in babies cheap 50 mg minocin amex. The marketing and labeling of energy drink products also plays a significant role in increasing health risks for young people. Others simply lump the stimulants together under an umbrella of an ``energy blend. Sports drinks provide energy through carbohydrates, through electrolytes, and are used to replace the fuel lost during physical exertion. Stimulant substances have no nutritive value and can put athletes at risk of overheating, dehydrating, and having caffeine toxicity. As an adolescent medicine specialist, I have encountered numerous parents who inadvertently encouraged their teen athletes to consume energy drinks and were shocked to learn of the health risks. First, caffeine in energy drinks should be actively and strongly discouraged for young people. Sleep and a well-balanced diet are really all that young bodies need to perform their daily tasks. Caffeine, in combination with other stimulant ingredients, is what makes these energy drinks a grave concern. Fourth, given the rise in adverse health effects associated with energy drinks that include high doses of caffeine often in combination with other stimulants with unknown safety profiles, research is urgently needed. Ultimately, policymakers in the Federal Government should work together to advance and address the rising health and safety incidents associated with energy drinks. I am a physician boarded in the specialty of Pediatrics and in the subspecialty of Adolescent Medicine. I was a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition from 2005-2011, am a current member of the Executive Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Adolescent Health, and a private practitioner of adolescent medicine in Greenwich, Connecticut. While on the Committee of Nutrition, I coauthored the clinical report entitled ``Sports Drinks and Energy Drinks for Children and Adolescents: Are They Appropriate Many of our colleagues within the medical field and numerous families we encountered in our practices were confused about product usage, ingredients and most importantly, safety. First, what distinguishes an energy drink from other sports beverages is that they contain caffeine, a stimulant substance. Stimulant substances have no nutritive value nor does the body have any need for them in our diets. When consumed, caffeine has a stimulant drug effect on the entire body, head to toe. When consumed frequently or in large quantities, that effect is magnified and poses greater risks. Overall, the risks to children and adolescents from consuming energy drinks include increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, physical dependence and addiction to caffeine, effects on the developing neurologic system, precipitation of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and even death. Health Risks of Energy Drinks Caffeine is commonly consumed in the United States in beverages including coffee, tea, and soft drinks and this has contributed to confusion with the safety of energy drinks. However, there is growing concern over caffeine consumed in the form of ``energy drinks. They typically contain variable amounts of caffeine, and often contain one or more additional stimulant substances (such as guarana and taurine). The total amount contained in some products can exceed 500mg (equivalent to 14 cans of common, caffeinated soft drinks). It can cause sleep disturbances and can increase anxiety in those with anxiety disorders. It can cause numerous cardiac effects including elevated heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmias in susceptible individuals. Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal can include headache, fatigue, decreased alertness, drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, depressed mood, muscle pain or stiffness, and nausea or vomiting. In school age children, caffeine withdrawal has been shown to be associated with decreased reaction and attention for up to one week after cessation of caffeine use. Caffeine effects also are dose dependent so the same amount of caffeine consumed by a child or adolescent who is smaller than the average adult will lead to increased risk of toxicity. Consumption of caffeine in the form of energy drinks by children and adolescents is a growing public health problem. Energy drinks are reportedly consumed by 30 percent to 50 percent of adolescents and young adults. Guarana, a plant that naturally contains large amounts of caffeine, can boost the effects of added caffeine.

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