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Although wind energy may be able to coexist with land uses such as farming medications zanx best 25mg strattera, ranching medicine mound texas order strattera 25mg mastercard, and forestry treatment jalapeno skin burn generic 10mg strattera, wind energy development might not be compatible with land uses such as housing developments treatment 911 order 10 mg strattera with mastercard, airport approaches, some radar installations, and low-level military flight training routes. Wind turbines are tall structures that require an otherwise undisturbed airspace around them. The need for relatively large areas of undisturbed airspace can also directly or indirectly affect wildlife habitat. In a presentation to the National Wind Collaborative Committee, wildlife biologists describe direct construction impacts that include building wind turbines, service roads, and other infrastructure (such as substations). Indirect impacts can include trees being removed around turbines, edges in a forest being detrimental to some species, and the presence of turbines causing some species or individuals to avoid previously viable habitats. For example, a grassland songbird study on Buffalo Ridge in Minnesota found species displacement of 180 meters (m) to 250 m from the wind turbines (Strickland and Johnson 2006). Indirect habitat impacts on grassland species are a particular concern, especially because extensive wind energy development could take place in grassy regions of the country. Peer-reviewed research has concluded, however, that one species, the Lesser Prairie Chicken, actively avoids electricity infrastructure such as transmission lines and frequent vehicle activity by as much as 0. Displacements of already declining local populations are likely, but the magnitude of these effects is uncertain because data specific to wind energy are not yet available. Issues regarding the conservation of sensitive habitats will need to be addressed over time. Strategic planning and siting to conserve and improve potentially high-value habitat can be constructive and beneficial for both wind energy and wildlife. Anthropogenic causes of bird mortality (per 10,000 avian deaths) 5 Source: Erickson et al. As Figure 5-2 shows, anthropogenic causes of bird fatalities range from 100 million to 1 billion annually. Currently, it is estimated that for every 10,000 birds killed by all human activity, less than one death is caused by wind turbines. Even with 20% wind energy, turbines are not expected to be responsible for a significant percentage of avian mortality as long as proper precautions are taken in siting and design. Further comparative analyses are needed to better understand the trade-offs with other energy sources. Avian mortality is also caused, for example, by oil spills, oil platforms built on bird migration routes along the Gulf Coast, acid rain, and mountaintop mining. Wind energy will likely continue to be responsible for a comparatively small fraction of total avian mortality risks, although individual sites can present more-localized risks. The Altamont Pass development has seen high levels of bird kills, specifically raptors. Although this facility has been problematic, it remains an anomaly relative to other wind energy projects. In January 2007, a number of the parties involved agreed to take steps 112 20% Wind Energy by 2030 to reduce raptor fatalities and upgrade the project area with newer technology. This information, which is shown in Table 5-2, will be updated in 2008 to incorporate newly available data. The frequency of bat deaths in 2003 at a newly constructed wind farm in West Virginia, though, led researchers to estimate that 1,700 to 2,900 bats had been killed, and that additional bats had probably died a few weeks before and after the six-week research period (Arnett et al. Wildlife collisions with wind turbines are a significant concern, particularly if they affect species populations. To date, no site or cumulative impacts on bird or bat populations have been documented in the United States or Europe. This is a particular worry with bats because they are relatively long-lived mammals with low reproduction rates, according to a peer 20% Wind Energy by 2030 113 reviewed study (Arnett et al. Concerns about uncertain risks to birds and bats can lead permitting agencies and developers to conduct lengthy and costly studies that may or may not answer the wildlife impact questions raised. More research is necessary to more clearly understand the link between preconstruction surveys and postconstruction monitoring results.

There is a process and set of standards for gauging the best interests of the child treatment low blood pressure strattera 10 mg fast delivery. Moreover medications with gluten generic 10mg strattera mastercard, these procedural and substantive protections can be applied for all children subject to immigration removal without undermining the decision-making authority of immigration officials symptoms 9dp5dt order strattera 40 mg with amex. Surprise 1: Clearly Articulated Standards for Assessing "Best Interests" the "best interests of the child" standard is a hallmark of U medicine 5277 strattera 10mg on line. Nevertheless, certain factors-safety, well-being, permanency-appear consistently in statutes, case law, regulations, and policies defining best interests. By way of context, these children are charged with breaking the law, placed in adversarial immigration court proceedings, and (at least Big Ideas 2015 - Pioneering Change: Innovative Ideas for Children and Families 107 temporarily) detained and separated from their families. The Young Center served as the model for this statutory provision and remains the only organization providing child advocate services to unaccompanied children at this time. Immigrant children in removal proceedings are treated much like defendants in the criminal system. As such, their desires-often the right to live permanently in the United States-cannot trump U. However, their wishes are not only relevant to the adjudication of their cases but also should be a primary consideration when deciding whether a child is permitted to remain in the United States or is ordered deported. Safety includes "the right of the child to protection against all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, sexual harassment. Under a 1997 settlement decree, unaccompanied children may be released from detention to the care and custody of a parent, family member, or other sponsor during the pendency of their proceedings. Detention in locked facilities is potentially traumatic, even when that time is used to provide information about legal rights or other services or to identify a safe placement for the child. The right to develop includes the right to health and education and may be best understood as well-being, which "in a broad sense includes their basic material, physical, educational, and emotional needs, as well as needs for affection and safety. Removal proceedings are formal, adversarial proceedings, which take place before a judge and where there is an attorney representing the government. Once placed in removal proceedings, children, like adults, must make a formal request of the judge for the right to remain in the United States or to withdraw their application for entry. And children, like adults, do not have a right to government-appointed counsel when they appear in immigration court. If Julia insisted on requesting voluntary departure (a way of returning to her country, without penalty), her attorney knew that the request was likely to be granted. Such individualized inquiries are the hallmark of fairness and due process, which are stated goals of our immigration courts. Even when a child or adult establishes that she or he satisfies the criteria for asylum, the government is not obligated to grant petition for asylum. Immigration judges know the legal standards for establishing a claim and can determine how to weigh the information in front of them. Every effort must be made to ensure that the expressed wishes of children-who are still developing, maturing, and learning to communicate and put their life experiences in context23-are heard. Outside of immigration law, the best interests standard is such a well-accepted principle that during the 2008 debates over comprehensive immigration reform, three senators took to the Senate Floor to express their dismay over the absence of a best interests standard in immigration law and their disappointment that such a provision would be considered controversial. Principles of due process require that all children have an opportunity to tell their story, to explain what they were seeking when she came to the United States, and why they wish to stay or why they now wish to return. Citizenship and Immigration Services officials from considering other important factors-for example, safety to the community or national security concerns. Those and many other factors would continue to be incorporated into the decision-making process. Understanding the difference between best interests as a primary consideration and best interests as the sole consideration should alleviate the fears of both attorneys and enforcement authorities. Yet this is precisely what child welfare and human rights principles call upon us, as a country, to do-to protect children. Conclusion Ultimately, both Ana and Julia reunified with their families-Ana, to her grandparents in her country of origin; and Julia, to her mother in the United States, where she applied for and was granted asylum. In both cases, the immigration authorities considered the best interests recommendation in making their decisions-even though there is no explicit best interests standard in the immigration law as it presently exists. It is not terribly difficult to imagine an immigration system in which every child has the opportunity to have his or her best interests considered, particularly when authorities are making decisions that could result in permanent separation from family, banishment, or returning the child to a dangerous environment.

The innovator companies and the government would need to determine if the situation is better suited to licensing 4 medications order strattera 10 mg amex, wherein the company issues revocable rights to a patent medications for ptsd buy cheap strattera 25 mg online, or to assignment symptoms diagnosis trusted strattera 18 mg, wherein the company would permanently transfer ownership of its patent (Mendes treatment interstitial cystitis order strattera 10 mg free shipping, n. One of the main differences between license and assignment is in how the rights are paid for: a licensee usually pays royalties for its rights, an assignee makes a lump sum payment (Mendes, n. In practice the line between the two is not always clear, nor is it obvious how much of the "bundle of rights" guaranteed by a patent the innovator company has to transfer before an exclusive license becomes an assignment (Chapman and Fraser, 2010). In either case, the government would only have authority to use the drug in a narrow and clearly defined market. The voluntary nature of the process guarantees the drug company reasonable compensation-the patent holder always has the option to walk away from the transaction if the price is not right. The innovator company would authorize its rights only in those market segments for which the taxpayer pays for treatment and access is limited, such as the uninsured, prisoners, and Medicaid beneficiaries. These are the least lucrative market segments in the United States; the buyers have serious budget constraints and access restrictions, making these markets ones the companies are not reaching otherwise. Limiting market would also control the cost to the government; it would not have to pay as much for the rights as it would if compromising the lucrative private market. Once the government acquires adequate rights, it would contract with manufacturers to produce the drugs and with distributors. Projected Cost of the Buyout About 700,000 people in state Medicaid programs and prisons are eligible for treatment with direct-acting agents. Even if the United States continues treatment at the current rate, an unlikely scenario given the pressure to improve access to these drugs, there would be about 20,000 Medicaid patients and prisoners a year receiving direct-acting agents. So under the status quo, about 240,000 such patients will receive treatment in the next 12 years, generating about $10 billion in revenues for manufacturers. Assuming a cost of capital of about 8 percent for pharmaceutical firms,10 the present value of this revenue stream (which takes into account that the revenues are accrued over a 12-year period) is about $6. Any of these firms should therefore be willing to license the patent for their direct-acting agent for underserved markets for less than $6. Consider a firm anticipating control of one-third of the market over the next 12 years. Under the status quo, this firm expects to have a revenue stream with a present value of about $2 billion. This firm should be indifferent between the status quo and licensing its rights for $2 billion. However, if a competing firm licenses its drug to the government, then the revenue stream of the first firm would decline as it would have to compete with a cheaper generic in the same market segments. The government could, therefore, negotiate a price much lower than the present value of the revenue stream. Both the government and the winning firm would benefit from the outcome of the negotiation. After the government purchases rights to the patent, it would contract manufacturer to produce the drug for supply to neglected markets, such as Medicaid, the Indian Health Service, and prisons. Prices of other directacting agents would be expected to fall in those markets as they would be competing with a generic. Estimates of the production costs of direct-acting agents and gross profit margins of generic suppliers suggest that the price of generic direct-acting agents will be roughly $200 per patient (Hill et al. Assuming all 700,000 hepatitis C patients in those systems receive the licensed product, the total cost of the drug itself for Medicaid programs and prisons would be only $140 million over the license cost. This solution solves the dual problem of high costs and poor access to direct-acting antivirals in the Medicaid and prison market segments. It does so by preserving the incentives for innovation as it involves a voluntary transaction between a patent holder and the federal government at a price agreeable to both parties. Under the status quo (where the government does not have rights to patent), we expect that the federal and state governments will spend about $10 billion over the next 12 years, providing direct-acting agents to about 240,000 Medicaid beneficiaries and prisoners. These costs will be split roughly evenly between the federal and state governments, as the federal government provides matching funds to state Medicaid programs. Under the scenario where the federal government follows this recommendation and buys rights to a patent for about $2 billion, the cost to the federal government is the $2 billion for the rights and $70 million for generic drug purchases. Costs are also lower for the federal government in the long run, but the license requires higher upfront investment.

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Even those not murdered immediately were liable to be "turned loose in such a manhandled condition that they died a day or two later treatment 3 nail fungus buy cheap strattera 18mg on-line. This may be because the victorious powers had overseen somewhat similar systems of female exploitation in their own spheres treatment yeast in urine cheap 25mg strattera overnight delivery. It publicized the large-scale sexual violence against Bengali women during the Bangladesh genocide of 1971 (Box 8a) medicine cabinets with lights buy strattera 25 mg with mastercard, and the social rejection that raped women confronted in the aftermath treatment 2 go cheap strattera 40 mg online. It was the Balkans wars of the 1990s, though, that exposed the issue of mass rape of women to international visibility (see the account of 16-year-old "E. The term "genocidal rape" began to be widely employed to convey the centrality of sexual assault to the wider campaign of group destruction. Although rejected by some who argued that rape and genocide were distinct crimes, the concept gained further credibility with the horrific events in Rwanda in 1994. Moreover, as at Nanjing, rape was standardly accompanied by "extreme brutality" above and beyond the specifically sexual assault. As Human Rights Watch noted, this marked "the first conviction for genocide by an international court; the first time an international court has punished sexual violence in a civil war; and the first time that rape was found to be an act of genocide [intended] to destroy a group. For females, probably the most destructive such institution throughout history is female infanticide and neonaticide. The selective killing of newborn and infant girls reflects a culturally ingrained preference for male children. A nineteenth-century missionary in China, for example, "interviewed 40 women over age 50 who reported having borne 183 sons and 175 daughters, of whom 126 sons but only 53 daughters survived to age 10; by their account, the women had destroyed 78 of their daughters. Today, numerous reports speak of large demographic disparities between males and females in parts of rural China, leading to widespread trafficking in women and adolescent girls as Chinese men seek to import wives from outside their regions. The country where female infanticide and neonaticide are most widespread at present is India. For example, a study of Tamil Nadu state by the Community Service Guild of Madras found that "female infanticide is rampant" among Hindu families: "Of the 1,250 families covered by the study, 740 had only one girl child and 249 agreed directly that they had done away with the unwanted girl child. More than 213 of the families had more than one male child whereas half the respondents had only one daughter. Among other gendercidal institutions targeting females, we can cite gendered deficiencies in nutrition and health care (reflecting the prioritizing of male family members for these resources); "honor" killings of women and girls, particularly in the Middle East, South Asia, and the Caucasus; and dowry killings and sati in India, the former referring to murders of young women whose families cannot provide sufficient dowry payments to the family of their designated spouse, while the latter institution consigns women to die on the funeral pyres of their husbands. Gendercidal institutions have also targeted males throughout history, and exacted a vast death-toll. Perhaps only in the Nazi case has violence against homosexual men attained a scale and systematic character that might be considered genocidal. The murder of gays and lesbians due to their sexuality, or to associated behaviors and illnesses.

The trend of the densities measured by the Coriolis meter in these tests also does not match the dilutions made treatment 4 hiv cheap 40 mg strattera amex. Heywood and Mehta (1996) report that entrained air degraded meter performance to the point where measured and actual flow rates varied by 15% symptoms xanax addiction cheap strattera 25mg on line. Density of the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the samples was made using the pycnometer method described previously symptoms 13dpo cheap strattera 18mg online. The supernatant densities are averaged over all of the tests since the density of the supernatant did not change significantly throughout the tests medications zolpidem cheap 25 mg strattera. Impact of subsampling on the supernatant densities was minimal since the sample is homogeneous. The mass of the dried sample divided by the mass of the initial sample is the total-solids content, for the slurry, and dissolved-solids content, for the supernatant. Calibration of both the temperature and mass readings in the moisture analyzer are checked on a regular basis (daily for the balance and weekly for the temperature calibration). Dissolved-solids content was measured for the supernatant by centrifuging a fraction of the subsample. This is consistent with the composition of the simulant, which is insoluble kaolin clay and glass beads suspended in water. The dissolved-solids content of the complex simulant did not vary significantly over the range of the tests. Undissolved-solids content is calculated from the dissolved solids and total solids content according to equation 5. Undissolved-solids content represents the fraction of insoluble solids in the slurry. The mass fraction of each component was calculated from the solids, dissolved-solids, and undissolved-solids contents. The mass fraction of the undissolved solids is equal to the undissolved-solids content, but the mass fraction of dissolved solids is dissolved-solids content multiplied by the mass ratio of supernatant to slurry. This value can also be calculated by subtracting the undissolved-solids content from the total solids content. For the simple simulant, the mass and volume fractions of kaolin clay and glass beads in the simulant during the first test (test 653) were determined while preparing the test simulant. The total volume in the system was measured via level probes in the mixing vessel, and the mass of each component added to the simulant was measured. These data allow one to calculate the volume and mass fraction of these two types of insoluble particles in the flow-loop system. For the remaining tests of the simple simulant, the mass fraction of these components was calculated using this ratio. Mass per unit volume was calculated by multiplying the mass fraction of that component by the bulk density. For the simple simulant, the masses per unit volume of the kaolin clay and the glass beads were calculated by multiplying the mass per unit volume of the total undissolved solids in the slurry by the ratio of the mass of the individual component (kaolin or glass) to the sum of the masses of the kaolin clay and the glass beads. The volume fractions of the kaolin clay and the glass beads were calculated by multiplying the volume fraction of the total undissolved solids in the slurry by the ratio of the volume of the individual component (kaolin or glass) to the sum of the volumes of the kaolin and glass. The mass fractions of the kaolin clay and the glass beads were calculated by multiplying the mass fraction of the undissolved solids in the slurry by the ratio of the mass of the kaolin or the glass to the mass of the total undissolved solids (kaolin + glass). A Malvern Mastersizer 2000 was used to measure the samples; proprietary software for that particle-size analyzer calculates the particle-size distribution from the light-scattering patterns using Mie scattering theory. Particle-size calibration standards were measured prior to measuring the distribution of these simulants. The results obtained during the measurement and the reported values are provided in Table 5. Particle-Size Standard for the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Analyzer Particle Diameter at the Cumulative Percent Undersize (m) 10 Certificate Value Uncertainty Difference (a) 50 62. Small aliquots of the simulant samples (< 1 ml) were diluted in water in a variable-speed recirculator (Hydro G) prior to making the particle-size measurements. Appropriate dilutions were determined by the amount of light passing through the diluted material (obscuration) as measured by the particle-size analyzer. All of the simulant samples were shaken prior to taking aliquots for measurement of particle-size distribution.