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I f culture and geography do not coincide women's health center university of arizona premarin 0.625 mg free shipping, they may b e made to coincide through either genocide or forced migration pregnancy nausea remedies order 0.625mg premarin overnight delivery. Countries with distinct cultural groupings belonging to the same civilization may b e c o m e deeply divided with separation either occurring (Czechoslovakia) or b e c o m i n g a possibility (C a n a d a) menstruation etymology cheap premarin 0.625 mg mastercard. D e e p divisions are menstrual extraction pregnancy generic 0.625 mg premarin with mastercard, however, m u c h m o r e likely to emerge within a cleft country where large groups b e l o n g to different civilizations. S u c h divisions and the tensions that go with the m often develop when a majority group belonging to o n e civilization attempts to define the state as its political instrument and to make its language, religion, and symbols those o f the state, as Hindus, Sinhalese, and M u s l i m s have attempted to do in India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Cleft countries that territorially bestride the fault lines between civilizations face particular problems maintaining their unity. In Sudan, civil war has gone on for decades between the M u s l i m north and the largely Christian south. T h e same civilizational division has bedeviled Nigerian politics for a similar length of time and stimulated o n e major war o f secession plus coups, rioting, and other violence. In Tanzania, the Christian animist mainland and Arab M u s l i m Zanzibar have drifted apart and in many respects b e c o m e two separate c o u n tries, with Zanzibar in 1992 secretly joining the Organization o f the Islamic C o n f e r e n c e and then being induced by Tanzania to withdraw from it the following year. O n the horn o f Africa, largely Christian Ethiopia and overwhelmingly M u s l i m Eritrea separated from e a c h other in 1 9 9 3. Ethiopia was left, however, with a substantial M u s l i m minority a m o n g its O r o m o people. Other countries divided by civilizational fault lines include: India (M u s l i m s 138 the Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order and Hindus), Sri Lanka (Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus), Malaysia and Singapore (C h i n e s e and Malay M u s l i m s), C h i n a (Han C h i n e s e, T i b e t a n Buddhists, Turkic M u s l i m s), Philippines (Christians and M u s l i m s), and Indo nesia (M u s l i m s and T i m o r e s e Christians). T h e divisive effect o f civilizational fault lines has b e e n most notable in those cleft countries held together during the C o l d W a r by authoritarian communist regimes legitimated by Marxist-Leninist ideology. W i t h the collapse o f c o m m u nism, culture replaced ideology as the magnet o f attraction and repulsion, and Yugoslavia and the Soviet U n i o n c a m e apart and divided into new entities grouped along civilizational lines: Baltic (Protestant and C a t h o l i c), Orthodox, and M u s l i m republics in the former Soviet Union; C a t h o l i c Slovenia and Croatia; partially Muslim Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Orthodox SerbiaM o n t e n e g r o and M a c e d o n i a in the former Yugoslavia. W h e r e these successor entities still encompassed multicivilizational groups, second-stage divisions manifested themselves. Bosnia-Herzegovina was divided by war into Serbian, M u s l i m, and Croatian sections, and Serbs and Croats fought each other in Croatia. T h e sustained peaceful position o f Albanian M u s l i m Kosovo within Slavic Orthodox Serbia is highly uncertain, and tensions rose between the Albanian M u s l i m, minority and the Slavic Orthodox majority in Macedonia. M a n y former Soviet republics also bestride civilizational fault lines, in part b e c a u s e the Soviet government shaped boundaries so as to create divided republics, Russian C r i m e a going to Ukraine, Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan. Russia has several, relatively small, M u s l i m minorities, most notably in the North C a u c a s u s and the Volga region. Estonia, Latvia, and Kazakhstan have substantial Russian minorities, also produced in considerable measure by Soviet policy. Ukraine is divided between the Uniate nationalist Ukrainian-speaking west and the Orthodox Russian-speaking east. In a cleft country major groups from two or more civilizations say, in effect, "We are different peoples and belong in different places. A torn country, in contrast, has a single predominant culture which places it in o n e civilization but its leaders want to shift it to another civilization. T h e y say, in effect, "We are o n e people and belong together in one place but we want to c h a n g e that place. Typically, a significant portion o f the leaders em brace a Kemalist strategy and decide their society should reject its non-Western culture and institutions, should join the West, and should both modernize and Westernize. Russia has b e e n a torn country since Peter the Great, divided over the issue o f whether it is part o f Western civilization or is the core o f a distinct Eurasian Orthodox civilization. After almost two centuries o f the Cultural Reconfiguration of Global Politics 139 M e x i c o defining itself as a Latin A m e r i c a n country in opposition to the United States, its leaders in the 1980s made their country a torn country by attempting to redefine it as a North American society. T h e i r leaders refer to the m as a "bridge" between two cultures, and observers describe the m as Janus-faced. First, the political and e c o n o m i c elite o f the country has to be generally supportive o f and enthusiastic about this move. S e c o n d, the public has to be at least willing to acquiesce in the redefinition o f identity. T h i r d, the dominant elements in the host civilization, in most cases the West, have to be willing to e m b r a c e the convert.

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This rash is replaced 10 to 20 hours later by papules or womens health 5 discount 0.625 mg premarin overnight delivery, in some people menstrual 6 months discount premarin 0.625 mg with visa, by marked urticaria menstrual vomiting remedy discount premarin 0.625mg on-line. The papular eruption normally subsides within about a week breast cancer news 2014 buy 0.625 mg premarin overnight delivery, though it may last for up to a month. Complications may occur as the result of secondary bacterial infection caused by scratching. The Disease in Animals: Occasional cases of cercarial dermatitis in cats and dogs have been reported, mostly in association with the occurrence of the disease in their owners. Its occurrence in domestic animals appears to be much less frequent than in man, but this may be because animals are less able to communicate their symptoms and because the lesions are concealed by their fur. Moreover, it is difficult to distinguish cercarial dermatitis from hookworm dermatitis caused by nematodes of the family Ancylostomatidae. Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission: the sources of infection for man are the banks of bodies of fresh or salt water where the snails that release the cercariae live. Epidemiologists have identified three situations in which the infection typically occurs. In the first, the infection originates in freshwater bodies frequented by waterfowl (geese, ducks, etc. In these cases, the parasites are generally species of the genera Australobilharzia, Gigantobilharzia, or Trichobilharzia, which infect fowl and develop in snails of the genera Lymnaea, Nassarius, or Physa, or the genera Heterobilharzia or Schistosomatium, which infect mammals and develop in Lymnaea, Physa, or Stagnicola snails. In the second situation, the infection is acquired on the banks of saltwater bodies. In these cases, the parasites generally belong to the genera Australobilharzia, Gigantobilharzia, Microbilharzia, or Ornithobilharzia, which infect marine or migratory birds and develop in marine snails such as Ilyanassa. In the third case, the infection is acquired in rice fields and floodlands inhabited by parasites of domestic animals and wild rodents, such as Schistosoma spindale, a species that affects bovines and wild rats (Inder et al. As treatment is purely symptomatic and does not exclude the existence of other allergic conditions, successful treatment does not help to confirm the infection. Although various serum immunologic tests can establish the diagnosis (fluorescence test, cercarial Hullen reaction, circumoval precipitation, etc. Indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, employing commercially available human schistosome antigens, have been used to diagnose the infection, but the results are less sensitive (Kolarova et al. The population of snails in pools, rice fields, or irrigation canals can be controlled with molluscicides (Kolarova et al. In the case of small natural ponds, clearing the vegetation from the banks will create a less favorable environment for snails and removing the mud from the bottom will eliminate them. Use of praziquantel baits has been recommended to eliminate the mature parasites of fowl, but three 200 mg doses daily per duck are needed to produce a permanent reduction in the excretion of eggs. In Japan, rice-field workers and other individuals have been protected with copper oleate, which is applied to the skin and allowed to evaporate. It is recommended that swimmers dry off vigorously as soon as they emerge from the water, since the cercariae are better able to penetrate the skin when it is allowed to air dry slowly. Direct and sequential switching from mu to epsilon in patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection and atopic dermatitis. Public health importance and risk factors for cercarial dermatitis associated with swimming in Lake Leman at Geneva, Switzerland. Cercaria-schistosomulum surface transformation of Trichobilharzia szidati and its putative immunological impact. Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: Record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale. Serodiagnosis of cercarial dermatitis with antigens of Trichobilharzia szidati and Schistosoma mansoni. The epidemiology of cercarial dermatitis and its association with limnological characteristics of a northern Michigan lake. Case report of cercaria dermatitis caused by Trichobilharzia (Digena, Schistosomatidae). Etiology: Clonorchis sinensis is a small trematode measuring 12­20 mm long and 3­5 mm wide, with a reddish, translucent body. It lives in the bile ducts of humans, pigs, cats, dogs, rats, and several other species of fish-eating mammals. Some authors place it in the genus Opisthorchis because adults of the genera Clonorchis and Opisthorchis are similar in appearance, but there are clear differences in the preadult stages.

Even with a 90% mortality rate menstrual synchrony 0.625mg premarin amex, the breeding population can still increase 33% annually (Wood and Barrett 1979) women's health article on birth control order premarin 0.625mg with amex. When left completely unchecked menopause forum premarin 0.625 mg low cost, this growth rate within wild pig populations can literally be explosive pregnancy announcements discount premarin 0.625mg mastercard. Giles (1976) reported that a 70% harvest was necessary to reduce a wild pig population over 12 months. Similarly, Barrett and Stone (1983) found that a 60-80% annual removal was necessary to maintain a wild pig population at 50% of their equilibrium density. However, using model simulations of population recovery rates, Dzieciolowski et al. From a control perspective, Hone and Robards (1980) calculated that an ongoing 70% annual reduction would eliminate a theoretical population of 1,000 wild pigs in a nine year period of time. The management strategy for areas with an established population of wild pigs would be as follows:! Implement and maintain an ongoing directed control program (typically this entails the use of a combination of lethal removal techniques) Set a goal to work toward eradication (this may not be either feasible or realistic, but will still ultimately serve to control the numbers of these animals) Do not periodically back off of control efforts Consider the use of fencing for critical or sensitive areas/habitats Delaying or postponing the control activities. The money saved initially by such delays is lost by the increased efforts required to get the numbers back to where they were before the delay was implemented. Given the recent trends in illegal/clandestine releases of these animals into new areas, land and resource managers of properties that do not have any wild pigs also need to actively manage against the presence of these animals. Set a goal to stay "pig free" (consider fencing if applicable) Monitor the area regularly for wild pig field sign (this can be accomplished while conducting daily or routine property management activities) If wild pigs appear, implement a rapid response eradication effort (it is both easier and less expensive to remove a few wild pigs as opposed to removing a lot of them) Once pigs have appeared, do not wait until these animals become a problem to begin control activities the primary mistake that land owners and government agencies make with respect to newly established wild pig populations is to ignore the presence of these animals until their numbers increase to the level that problems and damage begin to occur. Once the wild pigs in an area have passed that threshold, the cost for controlling those animals goes up and the chances of achieving success in managing them go down. To miss that small window of opportunity will become increasingly more costly in both dollars and damage as time passes. For existing populations, ongoing control must be conducted to keep the numbers of these animals in check or eliminate the population all together. In general, the population dynamics exhibited by this invasive species make wild pigs a challenge to manage successfully. In spite of a few successful eradication programs, it is unlikely that wild pigs can be exterminated in most areas where they occur (Barrett and Birmingham 1994). Having a high reproductive potential with a concurrent high mortality rate caused population of these animals to fluctuate in response to a combination of several factors. This versatility combined with their being adaptive generalists have made both native and introduced populations of wild pigs very successful throughout the non-polar regions of the world. Along with this has come an increase in the damage done by these animals to both natural and anthropogenic habitats. Because of their high reproductive potential, wild pigs have the ability to reach large numbers of individuals in a local population in a very short period of time (Geisser and Reyer 2005). Studies have shown that it is necessary to remove 50 to 70% of a wild pig population annually to keep the numbers stable to decreasing. Under most circumstances, for both economical and logistical reasons, that is a complicated if not impossible goal to achieve year after year. Given the difficulties in managing these populations, land owners must generally accept the fact that, if they already have these animals on their lands, they will always have some wild pigs and should therefore plan for a long-term control program (Barrett and Birmingham 1994). Listing of age class percent composition reported for various wild pig populations. Percent Composition of Age Classes in Population Location 0-1 yr 1-2 yr >2 yr Andrzejewski and Jezierski 1978 Barrett 1978 Dardaillon 1984 Diong 1982 Garzon-Heydt 1992 Giles 1980 Henry and Conley 1978 Hone and Pederson 1980 J. Composition of a theoretical population of 1,000 wild pigs on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Numbers are broken down by age class, sex and percentage within each sex and the total population. Age Class (in years) 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 >6 All Ages Number of Females 300 86 59 40 23 13 10 531 Percent of Total Females 56. The statistics included are as follows: x ­ age (in years); nx ­ census size; lx - survival; dx ­ mortality; qx ­ proportionate mortality rate; Lx - midpoint survivorship; Tx - total number of age categories left to be lived by all individuals who survive to the beginning of age category; and ex ­ life expectancy (in years). Listing of natural and manmade mortality causes for wild pigs and the percentage or component of the population impacted.

Feline leukemia virus and other pathogens as important threats to the survival of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) menstruation 6 months generic premarin 0.625mg amex. Molecular characterization of Babesia and Cytauxzoon species in wild South African meerkats menstruation yoga practice order 0.625mg premarin visa. First molecular evidence of Hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from Hungary womens health 4 garcinia 0.625 mg premarin otc. Diversity of piroplasms detected in blood-fed and questing ticks from several states in the United States women's health center queens hospital 0.625mg premarin mastercard. Namaqualand, South Africa-an overview of a unique winter-rainfall desert ecosystem. Babesia lengau associated with cerebral and haemolytic babesiosis in two domestic cats. Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization. Confirmation of occurrence of Babesia canis vogeli in domestic dogs in South Africa. Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ruminants and detection of Ehrlichia ruminatum in Amblyomma variegatum ticks by reverse line blot hybridization. Molecular detection of tick-borne protozoal and ehrlichial infections in domestic dogs in South Africa. West-to-east differences of Babesia canis canis prevalence in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in Slovakia. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Babesia gibsoni in dogs in Bangladesh. A molecular epidemiological survey of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections of dogs in Japan. Detection and identification of microorganisms by gene amplification and sequencing. ClustalW-improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Molecular detection of a new Anaplasma species closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in canine blood from South Africa. Molecular epidemiologic survey of Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma infections in Japanese Iriomote and Tsushima leopard cats. Mitochondrial genome sequences and structures aid in the resolution of Piroplasmida phylogeny. Effects of habitat suitability and landscape patterns on tick (Acarina) metapopulation processes. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies. Serologic and molecular characterization of tick-borne pathogens in lions (Panthera leo) from the Fasano Safari Park, Italy. First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. Prevalence and diversity of Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia, and Bartonella in wild and domestic carnivores from Zambia, Africa. Molecular characterization of arthropod-borne hematozoans in wild mammals from Brazil, Venezuela and Spain. Piroplasmosis in wildlife: Babesia and Theileria affecting freeranging ungulates and carnivores in the Italian Alps. Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe. Kledmanee K, Suwanpakdee S, Krajangwong S, Chatsiriwech J, Suksai P, Suwannachat P, et al. Research note development of multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia canis.

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