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To create the capacity of village communities and pastoral groups to take charge of their development and the management of their land resources on a socially equitable and ecologically sound basis; To improve production systems in order to achieve greater productivity within approved programmes for conservation of national resources and in the framework of an integrated approach to rural development; To provide opportunities for alternative livelihoods as a basis for reducing pressure on land resources while at the same time providing additional sources of income medications not to take when pregnant generic 500 mg amoxicillin visa, particularly for rural populations symptoms 6 year molars amoxicillin 650mg mastercard, thereby improving their standard of living medicine 5000 increase buy 250 mg amoxicillin with visa. Adopt policies at the national level regarding a decentralized approach to land-resource management treatment 1st degree av block 650 mg amoxicillin for sale, delegating responsibility to rural organizations; Create or strengthen rural organizations in charge of village and pastoral land management; Establish and develop local, national and intersectoral mechanisms to handle environmental and develop mental consequences of land tenure expressed in terms of land use and land ownership. Particular attention should be given to protecting the property rights of women and pastoral and nomadic groups living in rural areas; Create or strengthen village associations focused on economic activities of common pastoral interest (market gardening, transformation of agricultural products, livestock, herding, etc. Develop infrastructure, as well as local production and marketing capacity, by involving the local people to promote alternative livelihood systems and alleviate poverty; Establish a revolving fund for credit to rural entrepreneurs and local groups to facilitate the establishment of cottage industries/business ventures and credit for input to agropastoral activities. Conduct socio-economic baseline studies in order to have a good understanding of the situation in the programme area regarding, particularly, resource and land tenure issues, traditional land-management practices and characteristics of production systems; Conduct inventory of natural resources (soil, water and vegetation) and their state of degradation, based primarily on the knowledge of the local population. Promote cooperation and exchange of information among the arid and semi-arid land research institutions concerning techniques and technologies to improve land and labour productivity, as well as viable production systems; Coordinate and harmonize the implementation of programmes and projects funded by the international organization communities and non-governmental organizations that are directed towards the alleviation of poverty and promotion of an alternative livelihood system. The Conference secretariat has estimated the costs for this programme area in chapter 3 (Combating poverty) and chapter 14 (Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development). Undertake applied research in land use with the support of local research institutions; Facilitate regular national, regional and interregional communication on and exchange of information and experience between extension officers and researchers; Support and encourage the introduction and use of technologies for the generation of alternative sources of incomes. Train members of rural organizations in management skills and train agropastoralists in such special techniques as soil and water conservation, water harvesting, agroforestry and small-scale irrigation; Train extension agents and officers in the participatory approach to integrated land management. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should establish and maintain mechanisms to ensure the integration into sectoral and national development plans and programmes of strategies for poverty alleviation among the inhabitants of lands prone to desertification. Developing comprehensive anti -desertification programmes and integrating them into national development plans and national environmental planning Basis for action 12. In a number of developing countries affected by desertification, the natural resource base is the main resource upon which the development process must rely. The social systems interacting with land resources make the problem much more complex, requiring an integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources. Action plans to combat desertification and drought should include management aspects of the environment and development, thus conforming with the approach of integrating national development plans and national environmental action plans. To strengthen national institutional capabilities to develop appropriate anti-desertification programmes and to integrate them into national development planning; To develop and integrate strategic planning frameworks for the development, protection and management of natural resources in dryland areas into national development plans, including national plans to combat desertification, and environmental action plans in countries most prone to desertification; To initiate a long-term process for implementing and monitoring strategies related to natural resources management; To strengthen regional and international cooperation for combating desertification through, inter alia, the adoption of legal and other instruments. Governments at the appropriate level, and with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should: a. Establish or strengthen, national and local anti-desertification authorities within government and local executive bodies, as well as local committees/associations of land users, in all rural communities affected, with a view to organizing working cooperation between all actors concerned, from the grass-roots level (farmers and pastoralists) to the higher levels of government; b. Develop national plans of action to combat desertification and as appropriate, make them integral parts of national development plans and national environmental action plans; Implement policies directed towards improving land use, managing common lands appropriately, providing incentives to small farmers and pastoralists, involving women and encouraging private investment in the development of drylands; Ensure coordination among ministries and institutions working on anti-desertification programmes at national and local levels. Governments at the appropriate level, and with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should promote information exchange and cooperation with respect to national planning and programming among affected countries, inter alia, through networking. The relevant international organizations, multilateral financial institutions, non-governmental organizations and bilateral agencies should strengthen their cooperation in assisting with the preparation of desertification control programmes and their integration into national planning strategies, with the establishment of national coordinating and systematic observation mechanisms and with the regional and global networking of these plans and mechanisms. The General Assembly, at its forty-seventh session, should be requested to establish, under the aegis of the General Assembly, an intergovernmental negotiating committee for the elaboration of an international convention to combat desertification in in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, with a view to finalizing such a convention by June 1994. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this programme to be about $180 million, including about $90 million from the international community on grant or concessional terms. Develop and introduce appropriate improved sustainable agricultural and pastoral technologies that are socially and environmentally acceptable and economically feasible; Undertake applied study on the integration of environmental and developmental activities into national development plans. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should undertake nationwide major anti-desertification awareness/training campaigns within countries affected through existing national mass media facilities, educational networks and newly created or strengthened extension services. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should establish and maintain mechanisms to ensure coordination of sectoral ministries and institutions, including local-level institutions and appropriate non-governmental organizations, in integrating anti-desertification programmes into national development plans and national environmental action plans. Developing comprehensive drought preparedness and drought-relief schemes, including self-help arrangements, for drought-prone areas and designing programmes to cope with environmental refugees Basis for action 12. Drought, in differing degrees of frequency and severity, is a recurring phenomenon throughout much of the developing world, especially Africa. Apart from the human toll - an estimated 3 million people died in the mid-1980s because of drought in sub-Saharan Africa - the economic costs of drought -related disasters are also high in terms of lost production, misused inputs and diversion of development resources. Early-warning systems to forecast drought will make possible the implementation of drought preparedness schemes. Integrated packages at the farm and watershed level, such as alternative cropping strategies, soil and water conservation and promotion of water harvesting techniques, could enhance the capacity of land to cope with drought and provide basic necessities, thereby minimizing the number of environmental refugees and the need for emergency drought relief. At the same time, contingency arrangements for relief are needed for periods of acute scarcity.

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Technical issues pertinent to methodological and literature search considerations are detailed in Appendix E3 chi infra treatment discount amoxicillin 250 mg line. Subsequently medicine while breastfeeding cheap 650 mg amoxicillin overnight delivery, such studies have been published and comprise the basis of this review with emphasis on longitudinal studies (Table 4) treatment 3rd degree heart block order amoxicillin 1000 mg without prescription. Cross-sectional studies have mostly shown a relationship between higher outdoor pollutant levels and lower lung function (120­125) medications on backorder generic 650mg amoxicillin. In addition, two German studies observed that improvements in air quality after reunification were paralleled by better levels of lung function in repeated cross-sectional analyses (126, 127). Another study used black carbon content of sputum macrophages as a biomarker of particulate matter exposure from fossil fuel combustion (125). These studies provide strong evidence of an adverse effect of outdoor air pollution on lung function development in children and adolescents. At the end of the follow-up period (age, 18 yr), the percentage of students with low lung function (,80% of normal) was almost five times higher among those who grew up in the most polluted communities compared with the cleanest ones. Further analysis showed that exposure to traffic-related pollution, characterized by the residential distance from a highway, was also associated with poor lung growth and lower lung function achieved at age 18 years (132). During follow-up, many children moved to other locations throughout the United States and had a change in outdoor air pollution exposure (133). Change in pollution exposure was a significant determinant of lung growth: children moving to cleaner places experienced an increase in lung growth, whereas growth rates decreased among those moving to more polluted areas. In adults, three cross-sectional, three longitudinal, and one case­control study have been published since 2001. Other studies also link outdoor air pollution to lung function in adults (142­144). Case subjects were first identified by questionnaire and verified through a clinical investigation, which included spirometry (147). Longitudinal cohort studies provide strong evidence of an association between outdoor pollution and decreased pulmonary function growth during childhood and adolescence (129, 132, 134). Predicted 4-yr Similar findings growth deficit in in 7th and 10th most polluted graders but not area: 23. Therefore, there is adequate evidence of an association between outdoor pollution and reduced pulmonary function. After laws prohibiting smoking have been implemented, hospitality workers experienced a substantial reduction in cough and phlegm and an improvement in pulmonary function (161­167). The temporal relationship has been established in studies evaluating cumulative lifetime exposure. The fuel used in these stoves is collectively known as biomass, which includes wood, animal dung, and crop residues. These stoves emit high levels of multiple pollutants that are similar to those present in tobacco smoke (171). Particulate matter concentrations in these kitchens are very high, with average values in the range of milligrams per cubic meter and peak levels reaching 10­30 mg/m3 (171). In many developing countries, biomass smoke exposure occurs during the entire life span. It begins in utero and continues during infancy when exposure may impair lung defense mechanisms and may lead to respiratory infections and tuberculosis. In childhood and adulthood, females continue to have direct exposure while cooking or helping in the kitchen. Consequently, biomass smoke exposure may affect the growth of lung function, development of peak lung function, and the normal decline of function that begins in early adulthood (Figure 1). The first studies that documented chronic lung disease and cor pulmonale among people cooking with open fire stoves considered a role for repeated respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, and lung scarring due to tuberculosis (172­176). Several case­control and cross-sectional studies have found a consistent association between cooking with biomass stoves and respiratory symptoms, chronic bronchitis, and chronic airflow obstruction (179, 181­196). Use of solid fuel stoves was usually estimated from questionnaires; exposure was often measured as present or absent or by daily hours spent by the stove. Studies that have measured measuring kitchen particulate levels from biomass fuel use have confirmed high concentrations (181, 191), but personal measurements of exposure have not been used in most epidemiologic studies. Reported case­control studies consistently found an association between cooking with biomass stoves and chronic bronchitis or airflow obstruction (186, 188, 190, 197, 198). These studies are mostly from developing countries, with the exception of a study from Spain (198).

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What is the theoretic likelihood of a functional tri somy 2 1 if one of her ova is fertilized by a normal sperm? As part of a fourth-year elective medications in carry on amoxicillin 250 mg fast delivery, a medical student rotating through a medical genetics service is assigned to counsel a patient who is concerned about a family history of hypertension medications going generic in 2016 purchase amoxicillin 500mg without a prescription. To be properly prepared for the counseling session treatment authorization request generic amoxicillin 500 mg with mastercard, the student reviews course notes on modes of inheritance of var ious disorders treatment broken toe cheap amoxicillin 500 mg without a prescription. Knowledge of which of the following modes of inheritance is most per tinent to the upcoming discussion with the patient? A 2-year-old child has been followed for mental retardation and slow development, as well as multiple birth defects. On examina tion, microcephaly, hypertelorism, microg nathia, epicanthal folds, low-set ears, and hypotonia are noted. Karyotypic analysis would be expected to show G enetic D isord e rs 63 (S) a - l,4-Glucosidase (e) Hexosaminidase A (0) a-L-Iduronidase (E) Sphingomyelinase (A) Glucocerebrosidase (A) 5p-. The parents of a 1 7-year-old boy with Down syndrome seek counseling because they are concerned that their son may develop a life-threatening disorder known to be associated with his chromosomal abnormality. The physician should b e prepared t o discuss which o f the following disorders in terms of its association with Down syndrome? During a routine physical examination, a 4 1 -year-old woman is noted to have blue black pigmented patches in the sclerae and gray-blue discoloration of the ear cartilages. The extensor tendons of the hands exhibit similar discoloration when she is asked to "make a fist. Her only current complaint is slowly increasing pain and stiffness of the lower back, hips, and knees. These findings are characteristic of a deficiency of which of the follOwing enzymes? The diagnosis was missed at birth because (S) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (e) Lymphoblastic leukemia (0) Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (E) Osteosarcoma (A) Berry aneurysm of the circle of Willis 8. A 1 4-year-old girl with amenorrhea is concerned because of the delayed onset of menses. She has shortened stature and a wide, webbed neck; broad chest; and sec ondary sexual characteristics consistent with those of a much younger girl. Which of the following chromosomal changes is most consistent with these findings? A 50-year-old woman of Eastern European Jewish ancestry has a history of recurrent fractures and easy bruising and is found to have hepatosplenomegaly and mild anemia. Serum assays reveal elevations of chitotriosi dase and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Assay of cultured leukocytes most likely reveals marked deficiency of which of the following enzymes? The disease is known to have an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and to be due to an abnormality in a gene on chromosome 4 that is altered by increased numbers of intra genic trinu cleotide repeats. In addition, this disorder has an earlier onset and is more debilitating in successive generations, a phenomenon that might be due to (B) an increase in the number of trinucleotide repeats in successive generations. An anterior chest deformity known as pectus excavatum is sometimes seen, and vertebral abnormalities include scoliosis and lordosis. Cardiovascular complications include mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. Cystic medial necrosis can lead to dilation of the aortic root and aortic regurgitation. Theoretically, a person who carries a robertsonian translocation with chromosome 2 1 and a second acrocentric chromosome has a 1 in 3 chance of having a child with trisomy 2 1; however, the risk of a live birth of a child with Down syndrome is actually much less, presumably because of a high incidence of spontaneous abortion of such fetuses. The important point is that a robertsonian translocation predisposes to a hereditable form of Down syndrome. The risk is not related to maternal age and is much higher than the risk in the general population, which is 1 in 1 500 for women 20 years of age and younger, increasing to 1 in 25 in women older than 45 years of age. The diagnosis is cystic fibrosis, the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasian populations.

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As in our original analysis (Verguet and others 2014) medicine used for uti order amoxicillin 1000mg online, this update reveals some interesting patterns mueller sports medicine 650 mg amoxicillin for sale. In this region medications 24 purchase 500 mg amoxicillin with visa, large increases were recorded in child mortality over 1995­99 medicine 5113 v buy 650 mg amoxicillin overnight delivery, but the number of deaths fell rapidly beginning in 2000, reaching a peak rate of decline of 6. Likewise, rates of decline in maternal and tuberculosis mortality rates deteriorated during 1990­99 in many Central Asian countries after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and rates of decline in under-five mortality rates dropped abruptly in Rwanda during 1990­99, probably because of the genocide in 1994. Did unusual circumstances or specific policies account for these changes in mortality? Indeed, subsequent assessments could control for contextual determinants (for example, income) and exceptional events (for example, natural disasters, political instability) and try to identify the contributions of specific policies implemented. Because post-2015 goals present ambitious targets for levels of mortality, meeting them will require high (aspirational) rates of mortality decline from 2015 to 2030. Hence, we used historical rates of decline-including best-performer aspirational rates-to identify how many countries will achieve these ambitious targets if they achieve similar rates of decline over 2015­30. Similar methods have been used to assess the feasibility of other post-2015 targets. Norheim and others (2015) have suggested setting (in addition to specific subtargets for under-five mortality) an overarching goal of reducing premature (under age 70) deaths by 40 percent in 2030 from what they were in 2010. First, for some countries with poor data, the mortality estimates were predicted largely from past trends. Many countries, particularly those with high mortality, do not have strong Annual Rates of Decline in Child, Maternal, Tuberculosis 115 registration systems for vital statistics, so mortality estimates are not always reliable. In view of the large number of countries and distinct mortality indicators analyzed, some findings might also be attributable to poor quality of data. Second, in contrast to our original analysis, where we used five-year intervals, we used annual estimates for this update. Although this may improve the accuracy of the estimates, it may also produce too much noise and mask changes or reveal only small changes that may not be relevant for policy. Despite this noise, annual outcomes could isolate inflection points that capture times when countries make performance transitions and help identify seasonal variations or cyclical patterns that longer intervals (for example, every five years) might not flag. The final limitation is that other modeling techniques could be used to forecast rates of decline in mortality and to ascertain whether countries would achieve targets by 2030. For instance, specific explanatory variables related to declines in mortality could be used, and regression models could be fitted to mortality time series to make future predictions. However, it is the purpose of our analyses to provide specific performance indicators to be explained, rather than explanations. Further research focusing on individual countries can elucidate the reasons for these differences in the rates of change. Each graph also displays the mean for its income group and the rate of decline for a populous country in the group (China, Ethiopia, India, United States). These reports placed the need to address the economic effect of illness-in particular, catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditure-on the global health policy agenda. A lack of both prepayment mechanisms and the means and resources to pool risks has limited the capacity of many health care systems to provide access to high-quality health care services. Corresponding author: Beverley Essue, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; beverley. Out-of-pocket costs can perpetuate poverty and lead many individuals to delay or forgo necessary care (Peters and others 2008; van Doorslaer and others 2006). This burden is of particular concern for persons with chronic diseases, for whom repeated and lifelong costs are associated with the management and treatment of illness (Kankeu and others 2013). Although households, even those that are already impoverished, may be able to manage a one-time shock and recover in the short run (for example, over a period of a week or a month), they may not be able to withstand the ongoing costs of treatment for chronic diseases. This situation inevitably results in competing priorities about which services to include in essential packages of care and which to cover through national insurance funds (Beaglehole and others 2011). However, evidence is lacking on the household-level economic burden associated with certain categories of disease, particularly chronic diseases. Such evidence would inform global health policy development by highlighting where the greatest gains in financial protection might be realized (Shrime and others 2015) and help governments prioritize the measures needed to move toward universal health coverage. We discuss implications of the results for improving financial protection and offer directions for future research. Very conservative estimates suggest that, globally, at least 150 million people a year face financial catastrophe and 100 million are driven into poverty by expenditure on health care (Xu and others 2007). Health care expenditure is defined as catastrophic using any of the conventional definitions.

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In many areas this is accompanied by excessive livestock grazing medicine for the people best amoxicillin 650mg, deforestation and loss of biomass cover symptoms 0f pneumonia proven amoxicillin 650 mg. Soil erosion can have a devastating impact on the vast numbers of rural people who depend on rainfed agriculture in the mountain and hillside areas symptoms for mono order amoxicillin 650 mg visa. Promoting integrated watershed development programmes through effective participation of local people is a key to preventing further ecological imbalance medications used for anxiety order 500 mg amoxicillin with visa. An integrated approach is needed for conserving, upgrading and using the natural resource base of land, water, plant, animal and human resources. In addition, promoting alternative livelihood opportunities, particularly through development of employment schemes that increase the productive base, will have a significant role in improving the standard of living among the large rural population living in mountain ecosystems. By the year 2000, to develop appropriate land-use planning and management for both arable and non-arable land in mountain-fed watershed areas to prevent soil erosion, increase biomass production and maintain the ecological balance; To promote income-generating activities, such as sustainable tourism, fisheries and environmentally sound mining, and to improve infrastructure and social services, in particular to protect the livelihoods of local communities and indigenous people; To develop technical and institutional arrangements for affected countries to mitigate the effects of natural disasters through hazard-prevention measures, risk zoning, earlywarning systems, evacuation plans and emergency supplies. Undertake measures to prevent soil erosion and promote erosion-control activities in all sectors; b. Establish task forces or watershed development committees, complementing existing institutions, to coordinate integrated services to support local initiatives in animal husbandry, forestry, horticulture and rural development at all administrative levels; Enhance popular participation in the management of local resources through appropriate legislation; Support non-governmental organizations and other private groups assisting local organizations and communities in the preparation of projects that would enhance participatory development of local people; Provide mechanisms to preserve threatened areas that could protect wildlife, conserve biological diversity or serve as national parks; Develop national policies that would provide incentives to farmers and local people to undertake conservation measures and to use environment-friendly technologies; Undertake income-generating activities in cottage and agro-processing industries, such as the cultivation and processing of medicinal and aromatic plants; Undertake the above activities, taking into account the need for full participation of women, including indigenous people and local communities, in development. Maintain and establish systematic observation and evaluation capacities at the national, state or provincial level to generate information for daily operations and to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of projects; Generate data on alternative livelihoods and diversified production systems at the village level on annual and tree crops, livestock, poultry, beekeeping, fisheries, village industries, markets, transport and income-earning opportunities, taking fully into account the role of women and integrating them into the planning and implementation process. The Conference secretariat has estimated the average total annual cost (1993-2000) of implementing the activities of this programme to be about $13 billion, including about $1. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should: · Consider undertaking pilot projects that combine environmental protection and development functions with particular emphasis on some of the traditional environmental management practices or systems that have a good impact on the environment; Generate technologies for specific watershed and farm conditions through a participatory approach involving local men and women, researchers and extension agents who will carry out experiments and trials on farm conditions; Promote technologies of vegetative conservation measures for erosion prevention, in situ moisture management, improved cropping technology, fodder production and agroforestry that are low-cost, simple and easily adopted by local people. Promote a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approach in training and the dissemination of knowledge to local people on a wide range of issues, such as household production systems, conservation and utilization of arable and non-arable land, treatment of drainage lines and recharging of groundwater, livestock management, fisheries, agroforestry and horticulture; Develop human resources by providing access to education, health, energy and infrastructure; Promote local awareness and preparedness for disaster prevention and mitigation, combined with the latest available technology for early warning and forecasting. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and regional organizations, should develop and strengthen national centres for watershed management to encourage a comprehensive approach to the environmental, socio-economic, technological, legislative, financial and administrative aspects and provide support to policy makers, administrators, field staff and farmers for watershed development. The private sector and local communities, in cooperation with national Governments, should promote local infrastructure development, including communication networks, mini- or micro-hydro development to support cottage industries, and access to markets. Yet the capacity of available resources and technologies to satisfy the demands of this growing population for food and other agricultural commodities remains uncertain. Agriculture has to meet this challenge, mainly by increasing production on land already in use and by avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation. This will involve education initiatives, utilization of economic incentives and the development of appropriate and new technologies, thus ensuring stable supplies of nutritionally adequate food, access to those supplies by vulnerable groups, and production for markets; employment and income generation to alleviate poverty; and natural resource management and environmental protection. The priority must be on maintaining and improving the capacity of the higher potential agricultural lands to support an expanding population. However, conserving and rehabilitating the natural resources on lower potential lands in order to maintain sustainable man/land ratios is also necessary. Agricultural policy re view, planning and integrated programmes in the light of the multifunctional aspect of agriculture, particularly with regard to food security and sustainable development Basis for action 14. There is a need to integrate sustainable development considerations with agricultural policy analysis and planning in all countries, particularly in developing countries. Recommendations should contribute directly to development of realistic and operational medium- to long-term plans and programmes, and thus to concrete actions. In particular t he economies in transition from planned to market-oriented systems need such a framework to incorporate environmental considerations into economic activities, including agriculture. All countries need to assess comprehensively the impacts of such policies on food and agriculture sector performance, food security, rural welfare and international trading relations as a means for identifying appropriate offsetting measures. Sound policy decisions pertaining to international trade and capital flows also necessitate action to overcome: (a) a lack of awareness of the environmental costs incurred by sectoral and macroeconomic policies and hence their threat to sustainability; (b) insufficient skills and experience in incorporating issues of sustainability into policies and programmes; and (c) inadequacy of tools of analysis and monitoring. By 1995, to review and, where appropriate, establish a programme to integrate environmental and sustainable development with policy analysis for the food and agriculture sector and relevant macroeconomic policy analysis, formulation and implementation; To maintain and develop, as appropriate, operational multisectoral plans, programmes and policy measures, including programmes and measures to enhance sustainable food production and food security within the framework of sustainable development, not later than 1998; To maintain and enhance the ability of developing countries, particularly the least developed ones, to themselves manage policy, programming and planning activities, not later than 2005. Carry out national policy reviews related to food security, including adequate levels and stability of food supply and access to food by all households; b. Cooperate actively to expand and improve the information on early warning systems on food and agriculture at both regional and national levels; Examine and undertake surveys and research to establish baseline information on the status of natural resources relating to food and agricultural production and planning in order to assess the impacts of various uses on these resources, and develop methodologies and tools of analysis, such as environmental accounting. Implement integrated and sustainable agricultural development and food security strategies at the subregional level that use regional production and trade potentials, including organizations for regional economic integration, to promote food security; Encourage, in the context of achieving sustainable agricultural development and consistent with relevant internationally agreed principles on trade and environment, a b. Strengthen and establish national, regional and international systems and networks to increase the understanding of the interaction between agriculture and the state of the environment, identify ecologically sound technologies and facilitate the exchange information on data sources, policies, and techniques and tools of analysis.

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