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Intramural vessels or final arteries supplying myocardium are perpendicular to the cardiac muscles medicine cabinet shelves buy daflon 500mg low cost. So treatment 1st degree heart block buy daflon 500mg with visa, during systole medicine quinine buy 500 mg daflon, the intramural vessels are compressed and blood flow is reduced medications high blood pressure buy 500mg daflon with amex. During ejection period, rise in aortic pressure causes a sharp rise in flow into left coronary artery. It is directly placed around any coronary artery (refer Chapter 98 for details of electromagnetic flowmeter). Chapter 108 t Coronary Circulation 631 Coronary blood flow is regulated mainly by local vascular response to the needs of cardiac muscle. Amount of blood passing through coronary circulation is directly proportional to the consumption of oxygen by cardiac muscle. In conditions associated with increased cardiac activity, the need for oxygen increases enormously. Reactive Hyperemia Reactive hyperemia is the increase in blood flow due to the vasodilator effects of metabolites. Metabolic Products which Increase the Coronary Blood Flow Adenosine Adenosine is a potent vasodilator and it increases the blood flow to cardiac muscle. Other substances Other substances which increase the coronary blood flow by vasodilatation are: i. It is due to the high intramural myocardial pressure in the contracting ventricle. During the later part of diastole, the flow is reduced slightly along with decreasing aortic pressure. It is because the force of contraction is not as severe as in the case of left ventricle. Coronary blood flow is not affected when mean arterial pressure varies between 60 and 150 mm Hg. Thus, coronary perfusion pressure is the balance between mean arterial pressure in aorta and the right atrial pressure. Since right aterial pressure is low, the mean arterial pressure becomes the major factor that maintains the coronary blood flow. Range of mean arterial pressure at which the coronary blood flow can be maintained is given above. It is not known whether the autonomic nerves have direct effect on blood flow in various conditions. However, these nerves influence the coronary blood flow indirectly by acting on the musculature of heart. For example, stimulation of sympathetic nerves increases the rate and force of contraction of heart. This in turn, causes liberation of more metabolites which dilate the blood vessels and increase the coronary blood flow. Similarly, when parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, the cardiac functions are inhibited and the production of metabolites is less. Development of atherosclerotic plaque is common in coronary arteries near the origin from aorta. This plaque activates platelets, resulting in thrombosis and the blood clot is called thrombus. When three fourth of the lumen of the coronary artery is obstructed either by atherosclerotic plaque or thrombus, the blood flow to myocardium is reduced. Smaller blood vessels are occluded by the thrombus or part of atherosclerotic plaque, detached from coronary artery. Hypoxia develops when blood flow to a part of myocardium decreases severely due to occlusion of a coronary artery. Blood flow is usually restored if a small quantum of myocardium is affected by ischemia due to obstruction of smaller blood vessels. Necrosis Necrosis refers to death of cells or tissues by injury or disease in a localized area.

In addition medications venlafaxine er 75mg cheap daflon 500 mg amex, the pathophysiology of many viral infections is related to the ability of these infectious agents to disrupt host cell protein synthesis symptoms genital herpes discount daflon 500 mg. Many antibacterial drugs are effective because they selectively disrupt protein synthesis in the invading bacterial cell but do not affect protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells symptoms you have worms purchase 500mg daflon otc. Clarification of our understanding of this process treatment jellyfish sting quality 500 mg daflon, which is termed translation, awaited deciphering of the genetic code. This adapter molecule must recognize a specific nucleotide sequence on the one hand as well as a specific amino acid on the other. Codons consisting of two nucleotides each could provide for only 16 (42) specific codons, whereas codons of three nucleotides could provide 64 (43) specific codons. These nonsense codons are utilized in the cell as termination signals; they specify where the polymerization of amino acids into a protein molecule is to stop. Thus, there must be "degeneracy" in the genetic code-ie, multiple codons must decode the same amino acid. Some amino acids are encoded by several codons; eg, six different codons specify serine. With few exceptions, given a specific codon, only a specific amino acid will be incorporated-although, given a specific amino acid, more than one codon may be used. As discussed below, the reading of the genetic code during the process of protein synthesis does not involve any overlap of codons. The frequency of use of each amino acid codon varies considerably between species and among different tissues within a species. The energy requiring process of recognition and attachment (charging) proceeds in two steps and is catalyzed by one enzyme for each of the 20 amino acids. The charging reactions have an error rate of less than 10-4 and so are quite accurate. Because of wobble, the translation of a codon is least sensitive to a change at the third position. A missense effect will occur when a different amino acid is incorporated at the corresponding site in the protein molecule. This mistaken amino acid-or missense, depending upon its location in the specific protein-might be acceptable, partially acceptable, or unacceptable to the function of that protein molecule. This is an effective mechanism to avoid drastic change in the physical properties of a protein molecule. If an acceptable missense effect occurs, the resulting protein molecule may not be distinguishable from the normal one. A partially acceptable missense will result in a protein molecule with partial but abnormal function. If an unacceptable missense effect occurs, then the protein molecule will not be capable of functioning normally. A nonsense codon may appear that would then result in the premature termination of amino acid incorporation into a peptide chain and the production of only a fragment of the intended protein molecule. Some Mutations Occur by Base Substitution Single-base changes (point mutations) may be transitions or transversions. In the former, a given pyrimidine is changed to the other pyrimidine or a given purine is changed to the other purine. There may be no detectable effect because of the degeneracy of the code; such mutations are often referred to as si- Hemoglobin Illustrates the Effects of Single-Base Changes in Protein Encoding Genes Some mutations have no apparent effect. The amino acid alterations and possible alterations in the respective codons are indicated. The hemoglobin Hikari -chain mutation has apparently normal physiologic properties but is electrophoretically altered. Hemoglobin S has a -chain mutation and partial function; hemoglobin S binds oxygen but precipitates when deoxygenated. Hemoglobin M Boston, an -chain mutation, permits the oxidation of the heme ferrous iron to the ferric state and so will not bind oxygen at all.

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Secretory Activity of Apocrine Glands Apocrine sweat glands are nonfunctional till puberty and start functioning only at the time of puberty treatment neuropathy 500 mg daflon amex. When microorganisms grow in this secretion symptoms nausea headache purchase daflon 500mg fast delivery, a characteristic odor develops in the regions where apocrine glands are present medicine and health purchase 500mg daflon. The coiled portion is formed by single layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells medicine 852 cheap 500mg daflon with mastercard, which are secretory in nature. Secretory Activity of Eccrine Glands Eccrine glands function throughout the life since birth. Nerve supply Eccrine glands Throughout the body Exterior through sweat pore Function throughout life Clear and watery Play important role in temperature regulation During increased temperature and emotional conditions Under nervous control Sympatheticcholinergicfibers Apocrine glands Only in limited areas like axilla, pubis, areola and umbilicus Into the hair follicle Start functioning only at puberty Thick and milky Do not play any role in temperature regulation Only during emotional conditions Under hormonal control Sympatheticadrenergicfibers 358 Section 5 t Renal Physiology and Skin Apocrine glands do not play any role in temperature regulation like eccrine glands. Control of Apocrine Glands Apocrine glands are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers. Glands of eyelids, glands of external auditory meatusandmammaryglandsarethemodifiedapocrine glands. Pheromones Pheromones are a group of chemical substances that are secreted by apocrine glands. When secreted into environment by an organism, pheromones produce some behavioral or physiological changes in other members of the same species. Pheromones are mostly present in urine, vaginal fluid and other secretions of mammalsandinfluencethebehaviorandreproductive cycle in these animals. Recently, it is found that the pheromones excreted in axilla of a woman affects the menstrual cycle of her room-mate or other woman living with her. Vomeronasal receptors are distinct from other olfactory receptors and detect specially the odor of pheromones. Impulses from these receptors are transmitted to hypothalamus, which influences the menstrual cycle via pituitary gonadal axis. This effect of pheromones on the menstrual cycle of other individuals is called dormitory effect. Core Temperature Core temperature is the average temperature of structures present in deeper part of the body. Age In infants, the body temperature varies in accordance to environmental temperature for the first few days after birth. It is because the temperature regulating system does not function properly during infancy. In old age, since the heat production is less, the body temperature decreases slightly. Sex In females, the body temperature is less because of low basal metabolic rate, when compared to that of males. Exercise During exercise, the temperature raises due to production of heat in muscles. Menstrual cycle In females, immediately after ovulation, the temperature rises (0. Pathological Variations Abnormal increase in body temperature is called hyperthermia or fever and decreased body temperature is called hypothermia (Refer applied physiology in this Chapter). Metabolic Activities Major portion of heat produced in the body is due to the metabolism of foodstuffs. About 9 calories of heat is produced during metabolism of fats, when 1 L of oxygen is utilized. Muscular Activity Heat is produced in the muscle both at rest and during activities. Role of Hormones Thyroxine and adrenaline increase the heat production by accelerating the metabolic activities. It occurs when the environ mental temperature is higher than the body temperature. Shivering Shivering refers to shaking of the body caused by rapid involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles as during exposure to cold. Shivering is a compensatory physiological mechanism in the body, during which enormous heat is produced. Brown Fat Tissue Brown adipose tissue is one of the two types of adipose tissues, the other being white adipose tissue. Chapter 63 t Body Temperature 361 It produces enormous body heat, particularly in infants.

Protrusion of the eyeball medicine names generic 500 mg daflon, which stretches and damages the optic nerve treatment endometriosis generic daflon 500mg visa, resulting in blindness or 2 treatment urinary incontinence trusted daflon 500mg. Due to the protrusion of eyeballs symptoms zithromax generic 500 mg daflon free shipping, the eyelids cannot be closed completely while blinking or during sleep. So, the constant exposure of eyeball to atmosphere causes dryness of the cornea, leading to irritation and infection. Myxedema Myxedema is the hypothyroidism in adults, characterized by generalized edematous appearance. Causes for myxedema Myxedema occurs due to diseases of thyroid gland, genetic disorder or iodine deficiency. In addition, it is also caused by deficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In most of the patients, it starts with glandular inflammation called thyroiditis caused by autoimmune antibodies. Signs and symptoms of myxedema Typical feature of this disorder is an edematous appearance throughout the body. It is because of accumulation of proteins with hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, which form a hard tissue with increased accumulation of fluid 4. Atherosclerosis: It is the hardening of the walls of arteries because of accumulation of fat deposits and other substances. In myxedema, it occurs because of increased plasma level of cholesterol which leads to deposition of cholesterol on the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerosis produces arteriosclerosis, which refers to thickening and stiffening of arterial wall. Decreased cardiovascular functions such as reduction in rate and force of contraction of the heart, cardiac output and blood volume 6. Cretinism Cretinism is the hypothyroidism in children, characterized by stunted growth. Causes for cretinism Cretinism occurs due to congenital absence of thyroid gland, genetic disorder or lack of iodine in the diet. A newborn baby with thyroid deficiency may appear normal at the time of birth because thyroxine might have been supplied from mother. But a few weeks after birth, the baby starts developing the signs like sluggish movements and croaking sound while crying. The tongue produces characteristic guttural breathing that may sometimes choke the baby. In cretinism, there is mental retardation and the different parts of the body are disproportionate. Whereas, in dwarfism, the development of nervous system is normal and the parts of the body are proportionate. The reproductive function is affected in cretinism but it may be normal in dwarfism. Based on the cause, the non-toxic hypothyroid goiter is classified into two types. Endemic colloid goiter Endemic colloid goiter is the non-toxic goiter caused by iodine deficiency. As there are no hormones to be cleaved, the thyroglobulin remains as it is and gets accumulated in the follicles of the gland. In certain areas of the world, especially in the Swiss Alps, Andes, Great Lakes region of United States and in India, particularly in Kashmir Valley, the soil does not contain enough iodine. The endemic colloid goiter was very common in these parts of the world before the introduction of iodized salts. Idiopathic non-toxic goiter Idiopathic non-toxic goiter is the goiter due to unknown cause.