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Mild medications prolonged qt purchase reminyl 4mg otc, humanistic medicine you can take while pregnant generic reminyl 4 mg mastercard, tolerant versions of Islam dominate the teaching of Islam in Western universities but remain unknown or at best marginal in Muslim lands treatment xanthelasma eyelid cheap reminyl 8 mg on-line, except for such minorities as the Bektashi Alevis of Turkey and former Ottoman lands 7 medications emts can give buy 8mg reminyl otc, whose humanism is both ancient and authentic. The two empires had just finished the longest and most destructive of all their wars-almost thirty years of wide-ranging reciprocal invasions that had ruined many of their cities, destroyed commerce, emptied their treasuries, exhausted their manpower, and wrecked frontier defenses and field armies alike, while bitterly antagonizing provincial popula- the Muslim Arabs and Turks 199 tions on each side, left undefended to be despoiled by enemy looters yet harshly taxed before and after. A few years of tranquility might have restored the strength of both empires beyond any challenge by Arab raiders, no matter how enthusiastic, but instead both were invaded and each suffered a catastrophic battle defeat. Most had been lost even earlier, after the army sent by the emperor and erstwhile great conqueror Herakleios was utterly defeated at the river Yarmuk in August 636. Their new ideological cohesion was probably underestimated, as their ability to mobilize almost certainly was. It too was decisively defeated in 636, at al-QАdisiyyah in Mesopotamia, losing its treasury and capital city Ctesiphon. What the Muslim Arab conquerors themselves humbly saw as a divine victory, Nasr Allah, can be recognized in retrospect as something even better, a political victory over both empires that won not merely vast territories but also the consent of many of their inhabitants. The impetuous Arab advances could have been nothing more than ephemeral raids, destined to be nullified by nativist resistance, had the invaders not offered two very great and immediate advantages with their arrival. The other was truly paradoxical: by imposing discriminatory rules on all non-Muslims, the Muslim Arabs ended the arbitrary religious persecutions that had recently oppressed a majority of the inhabitants of Syria and Egypt. The Muslim offensives, 662­740 the Muslim Arabs and Turks 201 the Muslim Conquest and Tax Reduction Muslim taxes could be low because the cost of Muslim rule was very low at first. The conquerors had neither a vast imperial overhead of bureaucrats and courtiers in the austerity of Mecca and Medina, nor were they trying to rapidly rebuild wrecked imperial armies as both the Byzantines and Sasanians were doing in those years. The taxes imposed by the Muslim authorities were both harshly discriminatory, because only non-Muslims had to pay most of them, and blessedly lower than the relatively well-documented Byzantine taxes, and known Sasanian taxes. It did mean, however, that the taxpayer had to pay a precalculated amount regardless of good or bad harvests, droughts or floods, destructive foreign raids, or even outright invasions. An especially dramatic disaster that attracted much attention might persuade the imperial authorities to reduce the revenue obligation of the affected province, but no allowance could be made for ordinary harvest or market fluctuations, because there was no way of offsetting lost revenues: the concept of the public debt and its sale in the form of interest-bearing bonds had not yet been invented. The purchase of remunerated government positions, which swapped a single capital payment for a revenue stream, was the functional equivalent of selling bonds to the public, but it could not be widely practiced. Hence current expenditures had to be paid for by current taxes in a strict pay-as-you-go sequence-a tolerable burden in good years but harsh in bad years, and sometimes reason enough to flee homes and lands ahead of the tax collectors. Emperor Anastasios (491­518) had his share of foreign incursions to 202 Byzantine Diplomacy confront with costly military operations, and four years of more costly full-scale war with ever-aggressive Sasanian Persia from 506, and he also spent vast sums on public works, among other things substantially rebuilding and fortifying the Long Wall and building the fortress city of Dara (near Oиuz, Turkey), "fortifying it with a strong circuit wall and bestowing on it. It was originally collected every five years (lustrum), which became every four years in the normal way of taxes by the time of Anastasios, but either way it was very hard for artisans and small merchants to come up with the gold payment all at once (in spite of its Greek name chrysargyron, "gold-silver," only gold was accepted by the tax collectors). Thirty years of war had increased expenditures while greatly re- the Muslim Arabs and Turks 203 ducing revenues, leaving the treasury empty or near enough. Hidden reserves-such as ecclesiastical ornaments in gold and silver that could be confiscated in a crisis-were also exhausted. Already in 622 emperor Herakleios "took the candelabra and other vessels of the holy ministry of the Great Church [the Hagia Sophia], which he minted into a great quantity of gold and silver coin. The empire was rebuilding its strength, and its subjects had to raise the necessary gold, or else face expropriation or worse. A passage in the tractate Nedarim of the Babylonian Talmud illustrates the first point by noting that the specific transaction being discussed is ethically allowed if the lessee rents from the owner in exchange for payment of the tasqa-implying that the tax could well consume all the rental income derivable from a property. In explaining how the Sasanian fiscal system was drastically reorganized, al-Tabari comes to the cadastral survey of agricultural production and yields-evidently copied from Byzantine practice. He then ordered his secretaries to calculate the grand total of that, and he issued a general summons to the people. He commanded the secretary responsible for the land tax to read out to them the total tax liabilities from the land and the numbers of date palms, olive trees, and heads. In this way, sums of money will be stored in our treasury so that, should any emergency arise along one of our vulnerable frontiers. But the assembled multitude was wise in the ways of absolute monarchs: None of those present.

Substitute: the double quantity of the extract of ophthalmic berberry is considered to be its substitute treatment bulging disc buy reminyl 4 mg otc. Sibnii Salted fish food Atherina hejalosma Properties: Salted fish is detergent and produces unhealthy humours medicine for stomach pain discount reminyl 4 mg with visa. Sadaf Oyster shell Ostrea edulis Properties: the application of pulverized "pulp" of wild oyster shell thoroughly dries the body medicine cabinet cheap 4mg reminyl mastercard. Burnt purple murex is carminative treatment by lanshin 8 mg reminyl free shipping, detergent and its potency is equivalent to the shells found in nitus (name of a place). All kinds of oyster shell, when used as such, exhibit the property of extracting spines and scrapes of bone. Cosmetics: the application of external parts of the oyster shell and its chips in burnt form clears pityriasis. Swellings: A glue like substance obtained from the sea shell called sadid is mixed up with frankincense, aloe and myrrh till it becomes thick as honey. This combination removes parotitis and, if there is some fluidity in deep part of the ear, it is also removed. Burnt oyster shell mixed with salt, is used as a dusting powder on burns which stays there for a while till the wounds become dry. Oyster shells, alongwith their pulp, are useful for treating the wounds particularly those on the nerves. The use of powdered oyster shells with frankincense and myrrh promote adhesiveness in wounds. Galen also experimented sea shell and found it similar to oyster shell in properties. Joints: Oyster shell or its plaster gives relief in gout and associated inflammation as also in all kinds of arthralgia. Head: the burnt purple murex is used as teeth-brightening agent, specially so when it is burnt with salt. Eye: Ash from all kinds of oyster shell, with its pulp, is mixed with kohl to dissolve thickening of eye lids, removes corneal opacity and cures day-blindness. When the pulp of old oyster shell, known as talis, is burnt and applied in powdered form with cedar tree resin on eye lids, it stops excessive growth of eye-lashes. The glue-like substance, found on the surface of wild oyster shells, sticks the inverted eye-lashes (and thus removes their inversions covering eyelids). Painting with this substance on fore-head stops the matters flowing towards the eye. Pulp of undecocted and unroasted oyster shell is a sedative drug to be used in gastralgia. Wild oyster-shell is more effective in this respect due to its desiccant property. Fresh pulp from oyster shell, called [dlbis by Syrians, is taken as a soup to relax the bowels. Fumigation with a soup prepared from small oyster-shell and purple murex, proves to be useful for the patients of hysteria and also expels the placenta. Fumigation with aromatic oyster shells, found on sea coasts of Bdbul and Qulzum (Persia) is also useful in hysteria. According to an expert the use of burnt oyster shell called fiJbUii, along with the ashes of gallnut and white pepper, proves to be very beneficial for treating fresh cases of intestinal ulcers before putrefaction develops. Head: these are boiled with olive oil and used as ear-drops to remove ear-ache and its throbbing. Properties: Sipping of the soup prepared from its trunk is said to dissolve the calculi (stones). Properties: the gum possesses astringent, agglutinant, desiccant and strengthening properties. Chest: It relaxes hot cough, relieves discomfort and adverse effects of lung ulcers and clears the voice. Choice: Galen and Ibne Maswaih consider red sandal to be most potent but according to some other physicians, the white variety is relatively stronger. Swellings: Sandal wood, particularly its red variety, dissolves hot swellings and it is also painted on erysipelas. Nature: Pine is a well known tree and its seeds have already been discussed under the letter Hii. Choice: Its big barks are very potent but the variety called quia is relatively weaker in action.

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Temperament: Wheat is hot in the first degree and moderate in moistness and dryness symptoms zenkers diverticulum cheap reminyl 4 mg with amex. Boiled wheat is slow to digest and flatulent but if digested fully in treatment 2 reminyl 4 mg without prescription, it becomes nutritive medications held for dialysis trusted reminyl 4mg. The flour of wheat symptoms diverticulitis cheap reminyl 4mg with amex, which has natural viscosity, is different from the flour which is artificially made viscous. A little sweetness helps it to be digested quickly and washing of wheat with warm water reduces its flatulence. Excretion: Raw wheat and also roasted, boiled, unkneaded, partly cooked wheat and harisan (a sweet pastry made, of flour, melted butter and sugar) when taken frequently are said to produce worms. Choice: the best kind of hanzal is exceedingly white while the black as well as the hard varieties are inferior. The pulp should also be not collected unless the fruit becomes completely yellow leaving no trace of green colour, as otherwise it might be harmful, inferior in quality and fatal. If there is only a single fruit of hanzal on the plant, it would be of inferior quality and fatal. It must be powdered thoroughy and one should never be mistaken about it because even if a small perceptible particle is left unpowdered and mixed with gastric juices, it would develop wound and spread it around the stomach and the flexures of the intestines causing inflammation. It is, therefore, essential that first of all hanzal must be soaked in honey-water and then dried and powdered. For the improvement of its quality and removing its harmful effects, mixing of gum tragacanth is preferred to (arabic) gum because the latter suppresses the potency of the drug. Properties: Hamal is dissolvent, erosive and most absorbent and its tender leaves stop bleeding. It is also incorporated in the preparation of the medicine to be used in sciatica and enema. It is made hollow by removing its contents and some vinegar or olive oil is cooked therein on hot ashes. The material so obtained is used as ear-drops in tinnitus aurium and for extraction of teeth conveniently. Food: the root of hanzal is good for treating dropsy and suitable for the stomach. Excretion: It purges thick phlegm and bilious humours out of joints and particularly, the nerves. It passes out of the intestines so quickly that the anticipated effects of its bitterness cannot be observed. Sometimes, it is made hollow and stuffed with the rob of grapes or old and sweet wine and left thus for a day and night while sometimes it is placed on hot ashes till it warms up fully and then is taken orally. The single fruit of hanzal, appearing on its root, is fatal in two ddniq (12 gm) and its bark and seeds are fatal even in a dose of 6 gm. I am told by a person that an Arab, who was bitten by a scorpion at four sites, was immediately cured by administring a dose of 4. It is said that the gum of the Roman kind of white dammer is called kiihrabii (yellow amber). Head: When the lukewarm extract of its leaves is instilled in ear, it removes ear-ache. The same dose when taken with vinegar by a woman after menstruation, prevents pregnancy. Temperament: It is highly warming in the third degree and desiccant in the first degree. Head: the fruit of Roman white dammer is recommended with vinegar to be used in epilepsy. O: ophidia Nature: the serpent is used after it is boiled with water, salt and dill. Choice: the flesh of female serpent is the best while the best slough is obtained from a male serpent.

Properties: All kinds of vitriol are caustic medicine identification cheap reminyl 4 mg fast delivery, produce dandruff and are astringent medicine engineering 4 mg reminyl with amex. Yellow vitriol as well as the other varieties are sometimes used in the form of a suppository to be placed inside a fistula to remove the cavities medicine man aurora purchase 8 mg reminyl fast delivery. Joints: Red vitriol treatment dynamics florham park effective reminyl 8 mg, mixed with wine, is used in the form of an enema to treat sciatica. Head: the vitriol, specially its yellow variety, is useful in epistaxis when administered as nasal drops. Its suppository, if soaked with honey and placed in the ear, Cures auricular ulcers and the pus formed therein. The burnt vitriol, when mixed with hermodactyle and placed under the tongue, cures ranula. A qairiqi, prepared from it specially from the red vitriol, proves to be useful in gangrenous stomatitis and rodent ulcers of the nose and mouth. Eye: All kinds of vitriol, particularly the yellow one, are useful in the hardness, roughness and scabies of the eye-lashes. Zabad Butter Temperament: Butter is hot and moist in the first degree; the moistness is, however, higher. The fumes emanating from butter are desiccant, mildly astringent and relieve the pains due to the infiltration of matter towards an organ. Ulcers: It is useful in the nerve-wounds as it fills up and cleanses the neural ulcers. Head: Butter alongwith some other drugs is prescribed in cases of meningeal wounds, parotitis, lagophthalmos, swellings in the mouth and gums and stomatitis. Respiration: Its use is beneficial in cases of cold and dry cough, particularly when given in combination with almonds and sugar. It is expectorant and proves to be a maturative drug specially when used with almond oil and sugar. When used as such its cleansing property becomes less than its maturative property but when used with sugar, the order is reversed. It is incorporated in the medicines intended to be used in the wounds close to the orifice of the bladder. Poisons: Butter is an anti-poisonous drug and it proves to be useful in cases of snake bite specially as a local applicant. Zabad al-bahr Sea-foam Alcyonium Nature: Sea-foam is of five kinds: (i) Spongy in shape and stinking in smell like the stench of rotten fish. Cosmetics: the burnt sea-foam, specially of the third variety is useful in alopecia. The mushroom shaped sea-foam is used for depilatory purposes and also in pityriasis. The smooth kind of sea-foam is most suitable for cleansing purposes particularly the teeth. Swellings: the smooth kind is applied on claval swellings while the rosy variety is applied on scrofula. Ulcers: the sea-foam in general and both the spongy kinds in particular, are useful in cases of ulcerating scabies and ringworm. Zibl Excreta Nature: There are different types of excreta depending on the type of the animals. Similarly the excrements from hawk, falcon, sparrow-hawk and all other predatory birds are rarely used because of their excessive heat. Properties: Goat dung, specially of the mountain goat, is used in cases of bleeding. Pigeon droppings make a rubefacient drug and become dissolving when used with barley. Cosmetics: Sheep dung together with vinegar, is used in cases of herpetic, claval and thymic warts. Similar properties are attributed to the excrements of rice-fed starling, lizard and monitor which improve the complexion.